Laparoscopic debulking surgery can effectively remove ovarian cysts and alleviate clinical symptoms, yet it is also associated with a high rate of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). This study aimed to identify the risk factors for PONV occurrence in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for benign ovarian cyst debulking. Additionally, it examined the impact of zero-opioid general anesthesia on reducing PONV to improve the prognosis of patients.

We retrospectively analyzed 334 patients who underwent laparoscopic ovarian cyst debulking. The patients were divided into treatment groups and control groups depending on the differences in their treatment strategies. Propensity score matching was performed in a 1:1 ratio according to age, race, and body mass index (BMI); the final number of patients in each group was 100. The clinician performed an ultrasound-guided bilateral transversus abdominis plane block in the treatment group, while the control group received fentanyl before surgery at a dose of 4 μg/kg. Differences in the clinical characteristics of patients between the groups were analyzed, and the incidence of PONV was compared. Independent risk factors for PONV occurrence were analyzed using binary logistic regression.

The incidence of PONV was lower in the treatment group (18%) than in the control group (47%). The use of opioid anesthetics (odds ratio (OR) = 4.258, p = 0.028), the anesthesia duration (OR = 1.098, p = 0.025), history of motion sickness (OR = 4.305, p = 0.015), history of PONV (OR = 5.314, p = 0.009), postoperative analgesic pump use (OR = 6.688, p = 0.001), preoperative fluid volume (OR = 0.967, p = 0.000), preoperative use of 5-hydroxytryptamine (OR = 0.982, p = 0.016), and postoperative use of 5-hydroxytryptamine for 12 h (OR = 1.008, p = 0.015) were independent predictive factors for PONV occurrence (p < 0.05).

The occurrence of PONV in patients with ovarian cysts is associated with a history of PONV and a history of motion sickness. Implementing a zero-opioid general anesthesia technique can significantly reduce PONV incidence, contributing to improved patient prognoses.

Obstetric screening is a critical component of prenatal care, intended to identify potential health issues in both the mother and the fetus. However, the occurrence of false-positive (FP) results can introduce significant psychological distress for expectant parents. This systematic review aimed to compile existing research to form a comprehensive understanding of the psychological impact of FP results in obstetric screening, and to gain insight into the scope and magnitude of their effects on patients’ mental health and well-being.

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases for studies examining the psychological impact of FP results in obstetric screening. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and the quality of each study was assessed. Data extraction focused on outcomes related to psychological distress, including anxiety, stress, depression, and changes in parental behavior or attitudes. Due to the methodological diversity of the studies, a narrative synthesis approach was employed.

The review included 7 studies that collectively suggested an immediate increase in psychological distress following FP results, primarily manifesting as heightened anxiety and stress among expectant mothers, and to a lesser extent, fathers. The distress was generally transient, with a tendency to return to baseline levels after confirmatory testing. However, some studies indicated potential long-term effects on parent-infant interactions and parental attitudes. The variability in psychological responses was influenced by demographic, clinical, dispositional, and social-environmental factors, with one study reporting minimal impact on psychological outcomes in a specific screening context.

FP results in obstetric screening were linked with an immediate but transient increase in psychological distress. The variation in individual responses highlights the need for personalized communication strategies, prompt confirmatory testing, and psychological support services to mitigate both the short and potential long-term effects of these findings. Further research is necessary to explore the enduring impact of FPs and to develop interventions tailored to the needs of diverse patient populations.

CRD42024518412, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024518412.

Cervical cancer remains one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in developing countries. Screening can detect cervical cancer at an early stage, and early diagnosis significantly improves the chances of successful treatment; however, uptake remains low in Somalia. We examined the perceptions and beliefs of Somali women regarding cervical cancer screening. This study contributes to the existing literature by identifying key determinants of cervical cancer screening uptake in Somalia.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Mogadishu and involved a sample of 238 women. Participants’ demographic data, perceptions, and beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening were evaluated using a demographic questionnaire, the Health Belief Model Scale for cervical cancer, and the Pap smear test results. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 21).

The mean age of the study participants was 28.94 ± 8.35 years (18–59). Only 14.3% of the women had undergone cervical cancer screening, and 5.5% had received vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) at the time of the study. Most women demonstrated insufficient knowledge of cervical cancer, screening methods, and HPV vaccination. Perceived susceptibility was significantly associated with women who had undergone a Pap smear test within the past 5 years (p < 0.05). Perceived seriousness and barriers were significantly associated with a personal history of cervical cancer. Additionally, perceived seriousness and benefits were significantly associated with having a relative diagnosed with cervical cancer. Perceived susceptibility was significantly associated with having undergone a Pap smear test within the last 5 years (p < 0.05). Additionally, a history of cervical cancer was significantly associated with the uptake of the Pap smear test (odds ratio [OR]: 5.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.266–12.806).

Women’s knowledge, health beliefs, and a history of cervical cancer were significant predictors of cervical cancer screening participation. A multifaceted and holistic approach-addressing healthcare system, individual, community, and structural levels—is required to increase cervical cancer screening uptake in Somalia. Considering the high prevalence of cervical cancer in Somalia, this study recommends implementing targeted strategies to increase cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination among women.

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) levels in the first trimester of pregnancy are important predictors of future obstetric outcomes. This study evaluated the PAPP-A levels in women with threatened miscarriage and assessed their value in the early diagnosis of this condition.

We conducted a retrospective case-control study from June 2020 to December 2020, involving 122 patients: 61 pregnant women with threatened miscarriage (disease group) and 61 healthy pregnant women (control group). All participants were at gestational age of 11–14 weeks. Pregnant women were selected according to specific diagnostic criteria for threatened miscarriage, regardless of any prior bleeding. The two groups were interviewed to collect data on age, number of pregnancies, body mass index (BMI), risk factors for miscarriage, blood pressure, fetal heart rate, and other relevant parameters. Participants also underwent clinical examinations, including ultrasound scans, non-invasive prenatal testing, and rubella antibody testing. Maternal venous blood samples for PAPP-A quantification were collected at 11–14 gestational weeks.

The median PAPP-A concentration was significantly lower in the disease group (0.63 multiples of the median [MoM]) compared to the control group (1.09 MoM), with a p-value < 0.001. Compared to the control group, the disease group exhibited a higher proportion of underweight women (p = 0.024), along with greater gestational age (p = 0.003), crown-rump length (p = 0.005), and nuchal translucency (p = 0.002) values. The PAPP-A levels demonstrated prognostic value in pregnancy, with a cut-off point of 0.8255 MoM for the disease and control groups receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated high sensitivity and relatively high specificity, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.789 (p < 0.001).

PAPP-A demonstrates moderate predictive value for threatened miscarriage, with low PAPP-A levels being associated with this condition.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a leading cause of sudden death in obstetric patients. Despite advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, the incidence of VTE continues to rise. This study aimed to validate the accuracy of currently used risk assessment models (RAMs) for predicting postpartum VTE.

This retrospective study was conducted from February 2019 to February 2024. The Chinese Expert Consensus on the Prevention and Treatment of VTE during Pregnancy and Puerperium (Chinese Consensus), and the Queensland Clinical Guideline (QLD guideline) were used to evaluate VTE risk. Risk factors were compared between the VTE group and the control groups. The predictive performance of the two RAMs was assessed by analyzing the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC).

A total of 560 postpartum women were included, comprising 140 cases with VTE and 420 cases without VTE (controls). Significant differences between the two groups were observed for D-dimer levels, platelet (PLT) count, length of hospital stay, gestational age, body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m², postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), premature birth, and delivery mode (all p < 0.05). A higher proportion of anti-phospholipid antibody positivity was found in the VTE group (p = 0.054), while assisted reproductive technology (ART), emergency cesarean delivery, and elevated total cholesterol levels were more frequent in the control group (p < 0.05). Cesarean delivery was the most frequent risk factor triggering VTE, followed by age ≥35 years, and ART. However, stillbirth (n = 2, 66.7%), anti-phospholipid antibody positivity (n = 9, 52.9%), and PPH (n = 13, 52%) demonstrated the highest proportions of VTE. Notably, VTE occurred in the low-risk group, with an incidence of 20.6% according to the QLD guideline and 24.6% according to the Chinese Consensus. 2 VTE cases were observed in patients with a score of 0. The QLD guideline exhibited higher sensitivity than the Chinese Consensus (0.81 vs. 0.69), but lower specificity (0.64 vs. 0.83). The AUCs for predicting postpartum VTE were 0.624 (p < 0.001) for the QLD guideline and 0.538 (p > 0.05) for the Chinese Consensus.

PPH, anti-phospholipid antibody positivity, and D-dimer levels were closely associated with thrombosis. Both the QLD guideline and the Chinese Consensus showed suboptimal performance in estimating VTE risk. Further research is urgently needed to develop more effective RAMs to aid in the prevention of postpartum VTE.

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) are early pathological changes associated with cervical cancer, exhibiting varying progression rates. The risk factors for progression from LSIL to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and the development of a predictive model for this progression have not been thoroughly investigated.

This single-center, retrospective study followed 122 patients diagnosed with LSIL, who were monitored without treatment, over a 3-year period. Clinical and pathological data were collected, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for progression to HSIL. A predictive model was developed based on these factors and validated using both training and validation cohorts.

Of the 122 patients, 11 (9.01%) progressed to HSIL within 3 years. Univariate analysis revealed that persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, HPV16/18 genotype, and persistent or recurrent symptoms significantly increased the risk of progression to HSIL. Multivariate analysis confirmed that persistent high-risk HPV infection (odds ratio (OR) = 7.67, p = 0.027) and persistent or recurrent symptoms (OR = 21.07, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for progression to HSIL. A nomogram incorporating these factors demonstrated excellent predictive performance in both the training cohort (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.92) and the validation cohort (AUC = 0.88). Calibration and decision curve analysis further validated the model’s reliability and clinical applicability.

Persistent high-risk HPV infection and recurrent symptoms are key predictors of LSIL progression to HSIL. The developed predictive model can assist clinicians in identifying high-risk patients for early intervention, thus improving clinical management and optimizing healthcare resource utilization.

The use of transvaginal ultrasound to measure several parameters has been investigated as an alternative to the cervical Bishop score to predict the success rate of induced labor. We analyzed the utility of the cervical Bishop score and cervical elastography ultrasound parameters in assessing cervical ripeness after 39 weeks gestation.

This retrospective case-control study reviewed 230 pregnant women who underwent labor induction and delivered at the Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, from May 2022 to November 2023. Cervical Bishop scores and cervical elastography ultrasound parameters were measured prior to labor induction. According to the labor outcomes, participants were categorized into a successful induction group (n = 220) and a failed induction group (n = 10). We compared the differences between the two groups and analyzed the predictive value of the cervical Bishop score and cervical elastography ultrasound parameters for assessing cervical ripeness using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

The cervical bishop score in the failed induction group was significantly lower than in the successful induction group (p < 0.05), and the height was also significantly lower in the failed induction group compared to the successful induction group (p = 0.047). No statistically significant differences were found in basic characteristics such as cervical length, cervical hardness, shape of the cervical internal os, cervical transverse width, and internal/external os (IOS/EOS) ratio (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the predictive value of the cervical Bishop score and cervical elastography ultrasound parameters for assessing cervical ripeness, with ROC curve areas of 0.706 and 0.710, respectively.

The cervical Bishop score and cervical elastography ultrasound parameters demonstrated equivalent effectiveness in evaluating cervical ripeness.

Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) occurring after the 37th week of gestation, prior to the onset of regular contractions, affects approximately 8% of pregnancies and typically leads to the spontaneous onset of labor. A prolonged interval between PROM and delivery increases the risk of maternal infection and early neonatal sepsis. This prospective, randomized study aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and maternal satisfaction associated with the use of a vaginal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) delivery system compared to expectant management approach following PROM.

Term pregnant women with a singleton cephalic presentation, who experienced PROM within 4–12 hours and had an unripe cervix, were randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group received labor induction using a slow-release 10 mg dinoprostone (PGE2) vaginal delivery system, whereas the control group underwent expectant management. If active labor had not commenced within 24 hours of enrollment, labor was induced with oxytocin in both groups.

In this prospective randomized study, 74 pregnant women with PROM after the 37th week of gestation, prior to before the onset of active labor, were enrolled. Active labor began within 24 hours after enrollment in 54% of the control group and 77% of the intervention group (p = 0.036). The intervention group had a 3.42-hour shorter interval from randomization to delivery; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.067). When analyzing time to spontaneous vaginal delivery, administration of PGE2 in the intervention group was associated with a 4.3-hour reduction in delivery time (p = 0.029). There was no statistically significant difference regarding mode of delivery between the groups, with 6% of cesarean section in the intervention group vs. 15% in the control group (p = 0.343). No significant differences were observed between the groups in oxytocin use, labor complication rates, neonatal outcomes, or participant satisfaction. Notably, in a significant proportion of participants (37%) in the intervention group, the vaginal PGE2 delivery system was unintentionally expelled prior to the onset of active labor.

The slow-release PGE2 vaginal system reduced the time from randomization to the onset of active labor and to vaginal delivery in pregnant women after PROM, without impacting the mode of delivery maternal and neonatal complications rates, or satisfaction rate compared to expectant management approach. Early induction of labor following PROM with a PGE2 vaginal system represents an effective and safe alternative to expectant labor management.

This study is registered at https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ (registration number: NCT05430711).

At present, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is still one of the main causes of global incidence rate and mortality of pregnant women, especially in term pregnancy with hypertension. Among them, non-severe preeclampsia is increasingly considered to have the potential to lead to adverse maternal outcomes, including severe postpartum hemorrhage. This study aims to conduct a survey on the incidence of severe PPH in patients with hypertension and non-severe preeclampsia during full-term pregnancy, and analyze the factors influencing severe PPH in these patients.

This retrospective study analyzed 300 full-term patients with gestational hypertension and non-severe preeclampsia who underwent labor induction at our hospital between November 2021 and November 2023. According to the occurrence of severe postpartum hemorrhage, patients were divided into two groups: 250 cases in the mild postpartum bleeding group (control group) and 50 cases in the severe postpartum bleeding group (experimental group). The two groups were compared, and statistically significant factors were included in the subsequent analyses to investigate the factors influencing severe PPH in patients with full-term gestational hypertension and non-severe preeclampsia.

Intraoperative and 24-hour postoperative hemorrhage were significantly lower in patients with non-severe hemorrhage compared to those with severe hemorrhage (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in several parameters, including the number of births, age, systolic blood pressure, early preeclampsia, diastolic blood pressure, mode of labor induction, hemoglobin levels at admission, gestational age, and newborn body weight (p > 0.05). In contrast, statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the use of oxytocin during labor, the mode of delivery, and the duration between labor induction and the onset of delivery (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a lower incidence of postpartum urinary retention was observed in the non-severe hemorrhage group compared to the severe hemorrhage group, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified the use of oxytocin during labor, mode of delivery, time between the start of induction and delivery, and postpartum urinary retention as independent factors influencing the incidence of severe PPH in patients with non-severe preeclampsia (p < 0.05).

The occurrence of severe PPH in patients with hypertension and non-severe preeclampsia at full-term gestation and labor induction is attributed to the multifactorial effects of vaginal delivery, instrumental delivery, and the use of oxytocin during labor. Proactive and effective management is essential to reduce hemorrhage during labor induction.

To summarize and discuss the impact of pregnancy and mode of delivery on pelvic floor function, and to clarify current methods for predicting and preventing pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD).

The author conducted a literature search in the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases, focusing on studies from the past 5 years. The search included the keywords: “pelvic floor disorders”, “pelvic organ prolapse”, “urinary incontinence”, “anal incontinence”, “pregnancy”, and “mode of delivery”. To our knowledge, this is the first review to comprehensively analyze the influence of pregnancy and delivery on pelvic floor function, identify associated risk factors, and discuss methods for predicting and preventing PFD based on these risk factors.

Pregnancy and delivery are closely associated with the occurrence of PFD, and different types of PFD are linked to distinct risk factors. Most of these risk factors are difficult to modify, which further emphasizes the significance of preventive measures. Pelvic floor muscle training should be encouraged both during the pregnancy and in the postpartum period.

Clinicians should perform a comprehensive analysis based on individual risk factors, pregnancy-related symptoms, and physical examination results to identify high-risk individuals and offer personalized recommendations for pregnancy and postpartum rehabilitation suggestions, especially pelvic floor muscle training, in order to lower the incidence of PFD.

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of copper metabolism and cuproptosis in ovarian cancer (OC), evaluating therapeutic strategies targeting copper to improve clinical outcomes.

OC exhibits the highest mortality rate among gynecological malignancies, characterized by its insidious onset and poor prognosis, underscoring the urgent need for novel treatment strategies. Copper metabolism and cuproptosis hold promising potential in regulating tumor progression and overcoming drug resistance, thereby opening new avenues for OC treatment. This article aims to elucidate the biological basis and potential therapeutic applications of copper metabolism and cuproptosis in treating OC.

Cuproptosis, a copper-dependent mechanism of cell death mechanism, disrupts mitochondrial function by inducing the aggregation of lipoylated proteins and the loss of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters. Copper metabolism imbalance promotes OC progression by modulating cancer cell function, contributing to chemotherapy resistance, and influencing responses to anti-angiogenesis, and immunotherapy. Copper ionophores, chelators, copper-based nanoparticles (NPs), and certain natural molecules represent potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of OC.

Targeting copper metabolism and cuproptosis offers innovative therapeutic strategies for OC, particularly in cases of treatment resistance. However, clinical validation of long-term safety, optimal dosing, and biomarker-guided therapies remains critical. Future research should prioritize translational studies to bridge mechanistic insights with patient-centered applications.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a multifactorial condition characterized by the descent of pelvic organs from their normal anatomical position, significantly impacting women’s quality of life. In this study, the effects of POP on symptom burden and quality of life were evaluated using the locally validated and reliable Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20) and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 (PFIQ-7), with the aim of identifying modifiable risk factors.

This study included 1506 women who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted to the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinics of two tertiary university hospitals. Patients were classified into prolapse (stage ≥II) and control (stage I) groups based on the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q system). Symptom burden and quality of life were evaluated via the PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 questionnaires.

The median age of the study cohort was 41 (18–70) years, and POP was diagnosed in 510 (33.8%) patients. Compared to women without POP, those with stage ≥II POP had significantly higher total and subscale scores on the PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 (p < 0.001). According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with an increased the risk of developing POP: age (≥35 years) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.161–1.202), body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m² (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.410–1.552), waist-hip ratio (WHR) ≥0.8 (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 2.130–4.233), parity ≥2 (OR: 3.38; 95% CI: 2.975–3.841), vaginal delivery (OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 2.859–4.941), comorbidity (OR: 2.97; 95% CI: 2.227–3.970), and menopause (OR: 6.85; 95% CI: 5.409–8.683) (p < 0.001). In contrast, smoking was associated with a significantly lower risk of developing POP (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.531–0.895; p = 0.005).

These findings emphasize the importance of early detection through regular gynecological examinations, particularly in high-risk populations, and highlight the need for preventive strategies at the community level to reduce the burden of POP and improve women’s overall quality of life.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage repair pathways synergistically promote cervical carcinogenesis. The role of tripartite motif-containing 11 (TRIM11) in DNA repair may influence genomic stability in cervical cancer (CC) and modulate treatment response. This study aimed to analyze the expression and prognostic significance of TRIM11 in CC and across multiple cancer types (pan-cancer analysis).

TRIM11 expression patterns in CC were investigated through integrated bioinformatics analyses using two independent cohorts: transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset GSE67522. Experimental validation of TRIM11 overexpression in clinical CC specimens was performed through molecular techniques, including quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier method, revealing significant correlations between TRIM11 expression levels and both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates in TCGA CC cases. Functional pathway associations were elucidated through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), identifying TRIM11-related oncogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, a comprehensive pan-cancer evaluation employing TCGA multi-omics data systematically characterized the prognostic relevance of TRIM11 across diverse malignancies.

TCGA cohort analysis demonstrated a statistically significant elevation in TRIM11 expression levels in tumor tissues compared to normal controls (p < 0.0001), with consistent validation observed in the GSE67522 cohort (p < 0.0001). Molecular validation experiments confirmed concurrent upregulation of TRIM11 at both the transcriptional (quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), p < 0.05) and proteomic (Western blot, p < 0.05) levels in CC tissues compared to paired adjacent normal samples. Notably, within the context of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the GSE67522 dataset highlighted the pivotal role of TRIM11 during malignant transformation, show a significant difference in expression between HPV-positive cancer tissues and matched normal cervical epithelia (p < 0.001). In the TCGA dataset, OS (p = 0.007; HR [high-expression group] = 1.899; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.189–3.033) and PFS (p = 0.003; HR = 2.035; 95% CI, 1.266–3.273) were significantly longer in patients with CC with lower TRIM11 expression compared to those with higher TRIM11 expression. Subsequently, GSEA in the TCGA dataset showed that TRIM11 is involved in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), calcium, wingless/integrated (WNT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in CC (p < 0.0001). Pan-cancer analysis showed that TRIM11 expression differed significantly between various tumor tissues and their corresponding normal tissues, and was closely associated with prognosis across several cancer types.

This study demonstrated that TRIM11 is overexpressed in CC, and that its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, its expression was significantly correlated with prognosis across multiple cancers.

This review re-evaluates fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) in cervical cancer, synthesizing advancements in surgical precision, evolving indications, and sociodemographic factors influencing care access. It emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and equitable access to optimize both reproductive and survival outcomes for young patients.

A systematic search was performed across PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published in the past ten years, using key terms related to cervical cancer, FSS, oncologic and obstetric outcomes, and social determinants of health. Due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcome reporting, a narrative synthesis was conducted to analyze trends in surgical techniques, oncologic safety, obstetric outcomes, and sociodemographic disparities.

FSS encompasses procedures such as conization, radical trachelectomy (vaginal, abdominal, or minimally invasive), and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT)- facilitated surgery, tailored to the tumor stage, size, and histology. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping minimizes invasiveness during staging, while ovarian transposition (OT) preserves endocrine and reproductive function during pelvic radiotherapy. Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) consider tumor biology, nodal status, and patient preferences to guide treatment decisions.

FSS offers cervical cancer patients with oncologic safety and fertility preservation, but its success relies on a multidisciplinary approach. Factors like surgical expertise, patient characteristics, and social determinants-like insurance coverage and access to care-significantly influence outcomes. Future research should prioritize improving multidisciplinary care and addressing disparities to enhance fertility preservation for all patients.