Characteristics of some immunological aspects of atherogenesis

Abstract

Modern data on pathogenesis an atherosclerosis is cited. The basic intimate mechanisms of close interrelation immuno-inflammatory and lipidic theory of development of this pathology are shown. The role of immunocompetent cells in the induction of autoimmune reactions, complicating the course of atherosclerosis is described. Anew it has been shown the role of Toll-like receptors, intercellular adhesion molecule: Inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 and Vascular cell adhesion protein 1, Very late antigen 4 for recognizing endogenous antigens and microbial antigens as well as activation of signaling pathways in atherosclerosis. Toll-like receptors play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis due to pattern-recognition function of bacterial, viral and other pathogen by cells of the immune system which involved in the immunopathogenesis of atherosclerosis (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes). There were revealed mechanisms subsequent stimulation of transcription of many pro-inflammatory genes coding synthesis inflammatory regulatory substances, including cytokines: tumor necrosis factor α, interleukins: 1α, 6, 12, interferons α / β, chemokines. The Prominent aspect in immune pathogenesis is infringement of parities of Тhelper 1 and T-helper 2 that promotes formation of an atherosclerotic plaque, and also its possible destruction. Great significance in the destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque has a chronic inflammation in which there is a deficiency of transforming growth factor β1, which is one of the factors of destabilization atherosclerotic plaques. The result of a negative «overproduction» of cytokines (transforming growth factor β1, fibroblast growth factor, platelet derived growth factor) is a fibroblast hyperproliferation, increased collagen synthesis and as a consequence, the subsequent tissue fibrosis. Along with that it was established that zinc deficiency reduces the efficiency of immunological reactions, ultimately contributing to the development of atherosclerosis.

Keywords

atherosclerosis / immunology / cytokine / chemokines / lymphocyte / inflammation / low-density lipoprotein / microorganisms / exogenous and endogenous antigenes

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