Presented historical data based on archival materials about the participation of employees of the Emperor’s Institute of experimental medicine in the Great War 1914-1918. It is shown that, despite all the hardships and anxieties of wartime and the revolutionary events, the Institute’s activities did not stop even for a day. The presentation of these materials took place at the Twentieth Tsarskoye Selo scientific conference «The Great War. The last years of the Empire» in November 2014 in St. Petersburg.

September 2014 is the month of the 165 th anniversary of outstanding russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, awardee of Nobel Prize for medicine. Up to the present time, scholars in many fields of medicine have been utilizing the fundamental concepts suggested by I.P. Pavlov. Numerous publication provide a comprehensive reflection of all periods of life of this prominent scientist. Our attention was attracted by information available in publications by his talented apprentice Prof. Boris Petrovich Babkin, whose recollections about the great physiologist of modern era make the base of the present paper.

Background: A greatnumber of biopharmaceuticals has been implemented for clinical practice in recent years. Clinical relevance of these drugs is increasing. Results: Authors made a systematic review of adverse events of biopharmaceuticals from 1990 to 2014. We searched information about safety of biopharmaceuticals in international data bases. Inclusion criteria were safety profile of immunodepressant and antitumor drugs. Conclusion: We determine the difference between biopharmaceuticals and small molecules in case of adverse events. Adverse event classification was assessed. We made a guideline for Russian Pharmacovigilance System.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic value of LIF levels in patients with еssential hypertension (EH). Methods: serum LIF, IGF-1 and IGFBP1 levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 200 patients with II stage ЕН during 3 year period. Results: The mean serum LIF concentration in patients with ЕН was significantly higher than that in control subjects (7,54 pg/ml л - 95% confidence interval [7,34-7,74] pg/ml vs 1,25 pg/ml - 95% confidence interval [1,20-1,31] pg/ml, p<0,001). Thus, level LIF and associated IGF-1/IGFBP1 play a critical role in the progression to arterial hypertension (adverse vascular remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy), but the association showed a different pattern for men and women. Logistic regression analysis showed that LIF concentrations were the independent predictors of future events. The three year survival free of stroke and myocardial infarction were significantly lower in patients with LIF concentrations in the III-IV quartiles (7,55-15,5 pg/ml) and IGF-1concentrations in the lowest quartile (values <113 ng/ml) than in those with values <7,5 pg/ml and more 113 pg/ml. Conclusions. We reported a significant association between high serum LIF levels and risk of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in patients with ЕН. LIF serum concentration may serve as prognosis criteria for progression to ЕН.

Respiratory affective convulsions are the most common paroxysmal nonepileptic conditions. Etiological factors involved in the development of respiratory affective seizures are not established by now. The aim of the present study was to investigate the patterns of risk factors contributing to the development of breath holding spells. Data related to the ante-, peri- and postnatal periods of 50 children with breath holding spells were collected and analyzed. Also explored was the role of genetic predisposition in the development of these seizures. Laboratory tests were carried out. Anamnestic data and laboratory studies suggest that an adverse perinatal background is the main factor of the development of respiratory affective episodes. Hypocalcemia and iron deficiency anemia probably contribute to more severe attacks.

EEG inspection of 82 children with the minimum brain dysfunctions before and after sessions of Transcranial direct current stimulation showed that positive dynamics was observed at 62 children (76%). Thus normalization of a hemodynamic according to an EEG data happened at 27 of 44 children (61%). The obtained data testify that ТDCS makes the stimulating impact on processes of the morfo-functional maturing of structures and interstructural bonds of a children s brain, it is shown by decrease of sluggish rhythms (the delta and a theta) in an EEG, a becoming of an alpha rhythm and the common normalization of bioelectric activity.

To define how extracellular glucose levels affect synaptic efficacy and long-term potentiation (LTP), we evaluated electrophysiological and neurochemical properties in hippocampal CA1 region following alterations in glucose levels in the ACSF with 3,5 mM glucose, fEPSPsgenerated by Schaffer collateral/commissural stimulation markedlyincreased when ACSF glucose levels were increased from 3,5 to 7,0 mM. The paired-pulse facilitation reflecting presynaptic transmitter release efficacy was significantly suppressed by elevation of 7,0 mM glucose indicating the increase of the presynaptic transmitter release. Single pulse stimulation of presynaptic terminals also shows the increase of fEPSP amplitudes. Prolonged potentiation of fEPSPs by elevation of 7 mM glucose coincided with increased autophosphorylation both Ca ions / calmodulin dependent protein kinase II(CaMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC a). The increased I/O relationship of fEPSPs was also associated with markedly increased synapsin Iphosphorylation by CaMKII. Transmitter-evoked postsynaptic currents were also measured in CA1 neurons by electrophoretic application of NMDA anAMPA by elevation to 7,0 mM. Notably high frequency stimulation of the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway failed to induce LTP in the CA1region at 3,5 mM glucose but LTP was restored dose dependently by increasing glucose levels to 7,0 mM and l0mM. LTP induction in the presence of 7,0 mM glucose was closely associated with further increase in CaMKII autophosphorylation without changes in PKC a autophsphorylation. Taken together, CaMKII and PKC activation likely mediate potentiation of fEPSPsby elevated glucose levels, and CaMKII activity is also associated with LTP Induction in the hippocampal CAl region.

The material obtained in necropsy as well as archival specimens and those obtained from tissue banks is often used in histological studies of the nervous system organs. This material is not standardized and differed essentially from that obtained from the laboratory animals. Criteria of suitability are needed to determine the fitness of this material for immunohistochemical investigation. The present study is aimed to evaluate probable application of immunocytochemical marker of the nerve cell nuclear protein NeuN as an interior criterion of preservation of the nervous system antigens and to assess availability of the material for further investigation. The study suggests that the immunocytochemical reaction to neuronal nuclear antigen NeuN can be used as an indicator of preservation of rapidly decomposing antigens and suitability of the neurohistological material for diagnostic studies using immunohistochemical techniques

Oral mucosa reflects the conditions of the digestive tract and immune system and the general levels of activity and proliferation of body cell populations. The objective of the present study was to assess the processes of cell differentiation in the buccal epithelium as they relate to gender. Buccal epithelium from 50 young male and female subjects were taken with spatulas, transferred to microscope slides, dried in open air for 3 to 5 minutes, stained using Giemsa-Romanowsky method or with nitroblue tetrazolium, and then subjected to morphologic and microscopic examinations to define the ratios of different forms of epithelial cells as they depend of donor’s gender and condition. The significance of differences between the groups of study subjects was estimated using Student’s t-test. In cases where the distributions of parameters were significantly different from normal, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used instead of t-test. Some of intersex differences found in the qualitative and quantitative composition of cell populations are attributable to estrogen-progestin interactions. The main specific feature of females is the presence of rare parabasal epithelial cells in cell populations. The proportion of surface epithelial cells in females is significantly increased in parallel with decreased squamous scales suggesting the predominance of apoptosis, the genetically determined cell death, in buccal epithelium keratinization pathways in females.

Presented the first part of a brief historical review of the participation of members of the Institute of Experimental Medicine in the Soviet and Russian Antarctic Expedition for the past 45 years. Noted the consistency and continuity of work of people of different generations united scientific seal of quality - «Made in IEM».