In recent years the country has implemented a number of social and medical measures aimed at improving medical care for the population, with priority given to maternal and child health care. However, further development of obstetric and child welfare services is possible only by combining the efforts of all branches of practical healthcare. In order to determine the causes of infant mortality in the TASSR, to develop ways to reduce it, and to identify the reserves for improving medical care for women and children, the results of the child and obstetric services for 1985-1987 were analyzed.

We summarized the experience of treatment in the Republican Burn Center from 1970 to 1986. 1847 children with fresh burns at the age of 7 days to 14 years and 368 children with scar contractures and deformities after burns. The overall lethality in thermal trauma in children was 4.9%; in patients with deep burns it was 9.2%, which was determined to a large extent by the severity of the condition of the victims. The proportion of children with deep skin lesions was rather high, 53.2% of all hospitalized patients, with 522 patients having areas of deep burns within 10% of body surface, 225 patients had areas from 11 to 20%, 132 had areas from 21 to 30%, 66 had areas from 31 to 40%, 38 had areas from 41 to 50%, 19 had areas from 51 to 60%, and 11 had areas over 60% of body surface.

Retinoblastoma is a malignant retinal tumor in young children. It usually develops in the first two years of life. In 25-30% of patients, the tumor affects both eyes. Nowadays, the hereditary nature of retinoblastomas has been proved in 50-70% of patients. The tumor grows rapidly and has a tendency to metastasize. Metastases to lymph nodes, skull bones, brain, ribs, sternum, spine, less often to internal organs can appear already in stage I or more often in stage II of the disease.

To diagnose periodontal disease and assess the effectiveness of treatment such methods of examination as X-ray diagnosis and reoparodontography are used. Of particular value is X-ray diagnosis, which allows to objectively determine the condition of the alveolar appendix bone tissue and the body of the jaw. Reoparodontography is very informative in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases in children, as it provides an opportunity to record the sprinkles for a long time and continuously without disturbing the physiological conditions of the studied area.

To date, the pathogenesis of regurgitation and vomiting in newborns has not been adequately studied. Some researchers attribute their origin to blunt Gys angle, but do not rule out a neurological nature. Others point out that a frequent cause of regurgitation and vomiting in newborns and infants is impaired maturation of organs and systems. M.F. Deshchekina considers post-traumatic hypoxic encephalopathy to be the cause of regurgitation, vomiting and reflux esophagitis development. Extremely interesting is the fact established by S.Y. Doletsky: 20% of such children had a birth trauma. According to other researchers, pylorospasm, dynamic intestinal obstruction in newborns are caused mainly by birth trauma of the brain.

We analyzed 220 observations of complicated forms of acute appendicitis in children and medical histories of 22 patients who died of the disease. The causes of the adverse course of acute appendicitis were studied at three stages of medical care: 1) at the level of pediatric areas, ambulance services, and somatic pediatric departments, 2) in the general surgical departments of the CDC, and 3) in specialized pediatric surgical departments.

In diagnosis and conservative treatment of intussusception in children methods involving retrograde injection of water, barium suspension, air into the large intestine are widespread. This procedure is performed primarily after the administration of analgesic and antispasmodic drugs, presacral novocaine blockade, and less frequently - under anesthesia. Most authors use fluoroscopy to monitor the course of disinvagination and effectiveness of treatment. S.Y. Doletsky et al. report about the possibility of disinvagination with and under the control of fibrocolonoscopy.

Transfemoral phlebography with renal and testicular vein catheterization is now widely recommended to elucidate the causes of varicocele, especially in recurrent disease. However, this method is available only in medical institutions with vasographic rooms, and varicocele cannot be classified as a rare disease because it is diagnosed in 8-20% of young men and in 8.4% of 10-15 year old boys. The association of fertility with varicose veins of the spermatic cord makes varicocele a social problem.

During 1983-1986, 1,896 children with urinary system diseases were examined in the nephrology department. Application of a wide complex of clinical, laboratory and radiological methods allowed to diagnose 20 different variants of renal pathology within 12 nosological groups. Acquired nephropathies accounted for 81% in the total structure of kidney diseases in children.

In recent years, our country has devoted considerable attention to the study of food allergies in children, which in many respects remains understudied; in particular, ways to improve the effectiveness of specific treatment are being sought. Attempts to use specific hypersensitization with food allergens in children and adults by oral, inhalation, subcutaneous and rectal methods have not yielded the desired results. The sublingual method, successfully tested for the first time on several adult patients, proved to be more promising. The efficacy of this method used in children with food allergies was 70-80%.

The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic significance of determining the level of total immunoglobulin E as a marker of atopy in newborns with allergic diathesis and in their mothers.

Rickets-like diseases are inherited metabolic disorders. The most common forms of these diseases are vitamin-E-dependent rickets, Debret de Tony-Fanconi disease, and vitamin-D-resistant rickets. Their differential diagnosis is still very difficult because the clinical and radiological picture of these forms is very similar. All forms of rickets-like diseases are characterized by significant metabolic disorders and primarily phosphorus-calcium metabolism. A large role in metabolic processes in the body plays magnesium as an activator of many enzymes, in particular alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase, directly related to the process of mineralization of bone tissue. A number of authors note the close relationship of magnesium metabolism with phosphorus-calcium metabolism. However, magnesium metabolism in rickets-like diseases has been insufficiently studied; the magnesium level in the blood was determined only in individual patients.

The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of corrected orthogonal ECG leads according to Frank's system for heart lesions in children with rheumatism and non-rheumatic carditis.

Intensification of lipid peroxidation processes is of great importance in the violation of functional integrity of tissues of the respiratory tract and increased vascular and tissue permeability in a number of bronchopulmonary diseases. Since respiratory viruses are cytopathogenic agents, their leading role in the development of membrane disorders in acute inflammatory respiratory diseases in young children should be assumed. The works previously carried out in this direction refer only to the complicated forms of respiratory viral infections.

Interferons as the most important factors of nonspecific reactivity of the organism perform a variety of control-regulatory functions aimed at preserving cellular homeostasis. The main of these functions are antiviral, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory and radioprotective. In recent years there have been reports on the use of interferon in various diseases, including viral hepatitis. Massive doses of interferon and repeated prescriptions are used for basic intramuscular administration.

The immaturity of a number of functional systems in premature infants has a significant impact on adaptation to the conditions of extrauterine existence. First of all, it concerns the external respiratory system, which in premature infants has clear signs of immaturity. The body even of a preterm infant at birth is for some time under conditions of reduced gas exchange and moderate metabolic acidosis, but this period is short - gas exchange is quickly normalized.

The status of the intrauterine fetus in 80 pregnant women with a full-term pregnancy and premature miscarriage was studied, as well as the respiratory adaptation of the babies born. The duration of water-free period in Group 1 (25) women in labor was 6-12 h, in Group 2 (35), 12-20 h, and in Group 3 (20), more than 20 h. Complications occurred in 23 women in labor (weak labor activity, fetal hypoxia), which required the use of abdominal forceps in 4 of them and cesarean section in 3. Labor induction was used in 43 women.

The effect of impaired uterine contractile function on the course of pregnancy and labor in women with extragenital pathology was studied. A total of 147 women at 20-27, 28-36, 37-40, 41 weeks' gestation were examined. There were 79 (53.7%) primiparous women, of whom 5 (3.4%) were over 30 years of age. The medical history showed that pregnancy was terminated in 27 (18.4%), menstrual irregularities with algodysmenorrhea with premenstrual syndrome in 112 (76.2%), marked endocrine disorders in 12 (8.2%), vascular dystonia in 43 (29.2%), lipid metabolism disorders in 27 (18.4%), pyelonephritis in 69 (46.9%), anemia in 24 (16.3%). Pregnancy developed against a background of sexual infantilism in 92 (62.6%), hypoplastic uterus in 14 (9.5%).

The purpose of this study was to develop methodological and organizational foundations for the prevention of pregnancy and childbirth complications in female workers in the machine-building industry.

Currently, there is a growing interest in the use of non-medicinal methods of treatment worldwide, in particular, laser reflexotherapy. This is due to the fact that not in all cases the prescription of medications leads to the desired therapeutic effect, there are often side effects when using them, the allergic predisposition to a variety of medications grows rapidly.

In the structure of obstetric and gynecological pathology, ectopic pregnancy occupies a prominent place. It is known that after removal of one fallopian tube in 31-80% of cases there is infertility. Repeated tubal pregnancy is noted in 8-9.5%. Rehabilitation measures carried out after the operation are also not effective enough: uterine pregnancy comes in 23-40% of women. Over the last 15-20 years, conservative-plastic surgeries preserving the organ have been used for tubal pregnancy. The pregnancy rate after these operations reaches 29.3-30.5%. We see significant opportunities to further increase the effectiveness by improving postoperative rehabilitation measures.

In recent years, the dependence of vascular disease on age and sex has been widely discussed in the literature. Disturbance of hormonal activity of endocrine glands plays an important role in the development of circulatory pathology.

It is known that the results of using small neuropeptides like Vasopressin in the therapy of psychiatric diseases are very encouraging. Thus, A. I. Ivanitsky et al. successfully used Lysine-Vasopressin in the conditioned reflex therapy of alcoholism and found an increase in the efficiency of this method. They noted sufficient stability of the developed conditioned reflex.

Impaired autonomic nervous system function in diffuse neurodermatitis is now generally recognized, with the crucial importance believed to be not generalized, but local dystonia of both parts of the autonomic nervous system. Studies carried out in diffuse neurodermatitis have shown significant disturbances in catecholamine excretion. A decrease in urinary excretion of adrenaline and a marked increase in norepinephrine excretion were observed during the exacerbation period of the dermatosis. Despite many existing methods of treatment, therapy of patients with diffuse neurodermatitis is often a difficult task in the practice of a dermatologist.

In the pathogenesis of influenza complicated by pneumonia, a significant role is assigned to intravascular activation of the hemostasis system up to the development of DIC syndrome, manifested clinically by hemorrhages in the skin, mucosa and internal organs. Hemorrhagic syndrome often determines not only the severity, but also the outcome of the disease.

Until recently, the main methods of surgical treatment of deep burns remain plasty with split skin grafts and skin and fat flaps on a temporary or permanent feeding stem (Indian, Italian, stalked, counter triangular flaps). The use of various modifications of dermatome plasty makes it possible to save the lives of many burned people doomed to death in the past. However, the disadvantages inherent in the above methods of dermatoplasty do not allow us to fully implement a saving and restorative approach in treating deep burns and their consequences, in particular burns of IV, IIIB degrees, localized in functionally active areas of the body, and deep burns with an area greater than 30% of the body surface.

Suprapubic transurethral adenomectomy is the most common method of surgical treatment of patients with prostatic adenoma. Some authors recommend to end the operation with the primary bladder blind suture with a short-term urethral drainage; others, being afraid of postoperative inflammatory complications in the upper urinary tract and kidneys, genitals, as well as secondary bleeding from the prostatic adenoma bed, prefer to perform temporary urine drainage additionally through the suprapubic bladder stoma.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, phlogolytics, antiphlogistics) belong to the most frequently prescribed medications in world medical practice. In combination with other drugs or individually they are used to treat rheumatic diseases, inflammatory processes in a variety of pathologies. They are widely used to relieve pain, reduce elevated body temperature. That is why the questions of development of side effects of antiphlogistics manifested by affection of different organs and systems are of particular importance. In recent years, in the literature, the issue of the interdependence of the main (anti-inflammatory) and side effects of NSAIDs, which is a direct manifestation of their pharmacological effect, is widely discussed.

Primary algomenorrhea refers to the pain syndrome of menstruation occurring before long with the first menstrual discharge 6-12 months after menarche. Pain is combined with nausea, fatigue, irritability, and other emotional and autonomic disorders.

The processes of free-radical oxidation of lipids are considered to be the fundamental molecular mechanism of biological membrane damage. At the present stage, significant data have been accumulated on the activity of lipid peroxidation processes in acute pathology in children.

To assess diagnostic significance of enzyme activity in peripheral blood leukocytes when determining individual stages of acute purulent destructive pneumonia in children we performed cytochemical studies in 52 patients aged from one month to 10 years. In 14 children the disease was infiltrative, in 38 - destructive. The control group consisted of 15 healthy children of the same age.

The aim of this work was to determine the normal values of concentrations of some hormones and cyclic nucleotides in the blood of children of the first year of life in the age and sex aspects.

Psoriasis is a chronic disease that can occur at any age, including early childhood. In addition to specific changes in the skin, some patients with this disease affect other organs, including the joints. Joint involvement in psoriasis in children is very rare. Here are two observations as an example.

Malignant tumors of the pharynx (especially sarcomas) can also affect children. We describe a rare case of congenital lymphosarcoma.

Photometry of 6 radiographs of the thoracic spine of healthy children and adolescents aged 10 to 14 years was performed. Nine radiographs were obtained for one radiograph, for a total of 54. All photograms turned out to be identical. The data of X-ray photometric analysis showed that the optical density of the bone structures fixed in the photogram was relatively stable in each case. Asymmetry of optical density of bone structures was noted: it was higher on the left than on the right, especially at the level of D₆. The optical density of all bone structures was higher the lower the vertebra was located, i.e. the density of bone structures of the upper vertebra was lower than that of the lower vertebra, which could be explained by the overlaying of the mediastinal shadow on the left side, especially at the level of D_5-6-7-8. In all other cases, the asymmetry should be considered as a variant of the structure.

We examined 100 children aged 2 to 13 years with the initial stages of scoliosis. Eighty-eight of them (group 1) showed signs of natal pathology of the cervical spine and spinal cord, and 12 of them (group 2) showed signs of natal pathology of the lumbar spinal cord. In both groups, the frequency of unfavorable births in the obstetric history, as well as the lag in physical development of these children in the first year of life, were noteworthy.

From 1983 to 1986, we operated on 5 patients with pelvic osteomyelitis. There were 2 children aged 8 to 10 years and 3 patients aged 11 to 15 years. Duration of the disease in 3 patients - up to 14 days, in 2 - from 2 to 4 months. Three patients were diagnosed with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and two with chronic osteomyelitis. The inflammatory process in all 5 children was localized in the right half of the pelvis, in 4 - in the iliac bone, in one - in the iliac, pubic, and sciatic bones with lesions of the hip joint.

Stromal fibroblasts from 230 cancerous tumors of different localization were studied. Fibroblasts were located in the stroma of cancerous tumors relatively uniformly - on average 2430.9 ± 133.7 per 1 mm2 stroma, but since the stroma occupied only a part of tumors, the number of fibroblasts per 1 mm2 histological preparation of neoplasm was somewhat lower and varied from 58.1 to 2772.0 (on average 1114.4 ± 107.8), and in some cases fibroblasts were the prevailing cell type. The axial orientation of these stromal cells, especially in the areas of mature stroma, mostly coincided with the direction of collagen fiber bundles, and in the areas of edematous and disorganized connective tissue was often chaotic.

Forty-three children under 6 months of age with regurgitation syndrome and recurrent guttural vomiting were examined. Surgical pathology of the gastrointestinal tract was excluded in all children. Passage of barium suspension revealed signs of pylorospasm, one of the most common symptoms of gastric dyskinesia in infants. Often, gastric dyskinesia was combined with spastic or spastic-atonic dyskinesia of the small intestine.

The etiology and pathogenesis of acute liver obesity in pregnancy are poorly understood. It is believed that this severe complication of pregnancy is caused by a lack of protein nutrition, depression of protein synthesis. Clinically, the disease runs as fulminant (malignant) hepatitis.

Sulfhydryl groups were detected in the dry plasma of 63 first-born and 49 second-born healthy women at 38-40 weeks of pregnancy, during the first and second periods of labor, at 2 hours after delivery, and on the 3rd and 5th days after delivery. Ten healthy non-pregnant women of childbearing age constituted the control group.

We analyzed surgical outcomes in 235 women aged 50 to 81 years operated on for uterine fibroids, ovarian cystomas (49), endometrial cancer (30), uterine prolapse and vaginal wall prolapse (25), preinvasive cervical cancer combined with myoma and adenomatosis (3), uterine tube cancer (1).

Anonymous treatment of alcohol abusers and chronic alcoholics as one of the forms of outpatient narcological care for the population is becoming increasingly important for patients with preserved social status. From the beginning of 1986, an anonymous treatment room began to function in our dispensary. Clients can receive help and advice five days a week, three of them in the evenings until 10 p.m. The anonymous treatment office has a room with a file cabinet for individual doctor's appointments, psychotherapy and treatment rooms, and a waiting room.

Non-infectious diseases of the digestive organs are among the diseases whose prevalence has significantly increased in recent years both among adults and children. In order to study the prevalence of biliary diseases in children we carried out a study by the method of A. A. Baranov and O. V. Grinina in five towns and working settlements of the Udmurt ASSR. A total of 2249 children aged 7 to 14 years were examined.

Educational work carried out in classes in preschools is crucial to the mental development of children, being at this stage the main form of preparing children for school.

In recent decades, in our country and abroad, chemical agents are widely used to protect crops and to control arthropod pests. The intensity of their use in agricultural zones of the country depends on the type of crops grown, natural-climatic and agrobiological conditions. Numerous hygienic studies proved that long-term and intensive use of chemicals in agriculture causes not only increase in their residual amounts in environmental objects, but also probability of toxic effects of pesticides on human and animal organisms. In areas with intensive use of pesticides, morbidity of children was 2.3-3.6 times higher.

Provision of vitamins is one of the important factors determining the state of children's health, since their deficiency leads to functional disorders of a number of organs and systems, reduces the body's resistance. Isolated deficiency of a single vitamin is rare, much more often there is a deficiency of several vitamins.

It is known that uroflowmetry has significantly expanded the diagnostic capabilities of urological studies. There is no doubt about the need for widespread use of uroflowmetry in daily pediatric urological practice.

The clinic, diagnosis, and treatment of viral hepatitis are the subject of a fairly large number of publications. However, constantly appearing information makes it difficult for a physician to orient himself in the flow of messages. In our opinion, the book "Viral Hepatitis" by S.N. Sorinson gives an objective opportunity to cover one of the important sections of hepatology.

The congress heard and discussed the reports on women screening for the prevention of maternal and perinatal pathology, training and professional development of obstetricians and gynecologists; postpartum purulent-septic diseases, endometriosis and new methods of treatment in obstetrics and gynecology.