For the formation of conditioned reflexes, as is known, the coincidence of the conditioned stimulus in time with the unconditioned one, for example, with food, is required. If reflexes have already been formed, that is, the food reaction in children opening the mouth and the separation of saliva appears after the onset of the action of the conditioned stimulus, then in order for them not to fade away, the action of the conditioned stimulus must be reinforced by giving some food substance, which causes child a series of chewing movements and increased salivation, unconditioned secretion of saliva. Thus, in our experiments, we have the opportunity to take into account the values ​​of both conditioned and unconditioned salivation and their relationship to each other. As is known, a conditioned secretory reaction is composed of several moments: the energy from a conditioned external stimulus is transformed into a nervous process of irritation, which captures a certain group of cells of a particular analyzer in the cerebral cortex. Then this irritation is carried out, apparently, to the food center and further to the centers of salivation, which cause the salivary glands to function. The intensity of conditioned salivation depends, therefore, on the excitability of the cells of the cerebral hemispheres and further on the food center. If the conditioned stimulus evokes a weak stimulus process in the corresponding part of the cortex, then it is clear that the conditioned secretion of saliva is also low. A decrease in the excitability of the food center also leads to a significant weakening of conditioned reflex activity.

The erythrocyte sedimentation test (SR) or Fähreus's reaction is fairly widely used in almost all clinics. Having taken firm roots in gynecology, where a number of works (Fähreus'a, Linzenmeuer'a, Gerret'a, Ureshman'a, Mandelstam, Bronnikova and others.) Established its diagnostic and prognostic value, SR began to be used to recognize tuberculous processes (lungs, bones, etc.), malignant neoplasms, etc.

It is unlikely that in any other disease there have been more attempts to establish a classification than in tbc. And this is quite understandable. The value of tuberculosis as a social disease is of great interest for a public physician, statistician and clinical practitioner, on the other hand, the multifaceted clinical manifestations of tbc infection, from galloping consumption of old authors to chronic forms of benign pulmonary tbc, creates great difficulties for the clinician in his daily work. And the doctor at the patient's bedside, individualizing the case, nevertheless looks in it for those common features that unite similar groups of patients. This gives him the opportunity, using one or another scheme, to somewhat facilitate his complex work on identifying and differentiating the tbc material. If we add to this the need to establish a common language for scientific and social purposes (mass surveys, studying the influence of the profession on tbc, statistical processing of materials from tuberculosis institutions, clarifying issues of working capacity, sending to a sanatorium, etc.), then the need for a unified classification of tbc will appear undeniable. What are the basic requirements for a tuberculosis classification?

Essentuki has long enjoyed a well-deserved fame in the treatment of gastrointestinal patients, and there was a time when all such patients in general, without distinction, whether they were hyperacidics, with a tendency to stomach ulcers, or hypacidics, were sent to Essentuki and received there, if not a complete cure, then, in any case, relief (Zimnitsky, Russian Clinic, No. 12, 1925).

Among the various inflammatory diseases of the spine, acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in quantitative terms occupies a more than modest place, but in terms of the severity of its course, in the number of complications, sometimes more severe than the underlying disease, and in terms of high mortality, it should be ranked along with the most serious diseases.

The meaning of surgical interventions on the mastoid process is to remove pathological changes in the tissue. As a result, a large bony cavity is formed, communicating, on the one hand, with the outside world through the operating opening, and on the other hand, having a close connection with the infected middle ear cavity. As a favorable result of the operation, we strive to obtain a cure for the main suffering — cessation of suppuration and good, possibly quick, wound healing; in addition, the patient is interested in the possibility of regaining the lost hearing or preserving the remaining hearing. To achieve the best effect, both the operating technique and the consistent treatment of the trephine wound are important. Experience shows that this last point is not indifferent to the outcome of the operation.

To warn oneself from unexpected technical difficulties during the operation, and the patient from unpleasant complications in the postoperative period and relapses in the subsequent, these are the main tasks that are presented to the surgeon in the treatment of uterine cancer.

The works of Zenker'a, Virchow'a, Stäubli, Munk, Thager, Brown and others have adequately described the symptomatology, etiology, pathology and hemogram of trichinosis in humans. Comparatively, little attention was paid only to the phenomena of damage to the nervous system. Most of the authors are inclined to attribute a number of symptoms, such as the absence of tendon reflexes, electrical excitability disorder, Kernig's symptom, etc., due to exceptional muscle damage. Even severe cases of trichinosis with cerebral phenomena are interpreted by many authors (Trounner, Flurу, Nonne and Noerfner, etc.) as phenomena of a secondary order caused by the influence of toxic products. Meanwhile, the latest research by Gamrer and Gruber proved the presence of juvenile Trichinella in the meninges. In the cranial cavity under the dura mater they found copious amounts of fluid in which numerous juvenile Trichinella were found; they were also found in the pia mater and brain tissue. These data show that the nervous system is directly exposed to the invasion of Trichinella and a number of clinical phenomena are due exclusively to the damage to the nervous system. Already Stäubli, in his classic monograph on trichinosis, cites 2 cases in which meningeal phenomena prevailed at the onset of the disease, and which, in his opinion, were caused by "acute cerebral edema or hydrocephalus". His in some of his cases of trichinosis observed clonus of the foot and Babinsky's symptom. Matthes believes that the excruciating headaches, paresthesia and neuralgia of trichinosis depend on the damage to the nervous system. Decastello notes that the absence of tendon reflexes is due to a violation of the motor pathways of the nerve, system. The opinion of these authors is confirmed by the data of pathological and anatomical studies. Knorr found small meningo-encephalitic foci during the autopsy of one case of trichinosis, although the patient had no meningitis during her lifetime. Gamper and Gruber also found numerous degenerative and proliferative foci in the brain and membranes in one patient who died of trichinosis.

As you know, whooping cough is an extremely painful disease not only for the sick child himself, but also for those around him. A particularly serious threat is posed by pertussis for children infected with tuberculosis, as well as for children under 2 years of age, since at this age the death rate from whooping cough is very high.

It is hardly necessary to prove the importance and necessity of having average figures for the physical development of schoolchildren.

Getting acquainted with the surgical literature of recent years, more and more often you come across works devoted to the study of injuries in the countryside. I will not list these works. Almost all of them are included in the magazine "New Surgery". I would like with my present message to make a small and modest addition to the question of injuries among the peasants. Working for a number of years in a local hospital. to which purely agricultural villages are attached, I have accumulated a small stationary material. I wanted to report the result of the development of this material.

Postoperative urinary retention is often a rather unpleasant and painful complication. This complication is observed more often during operations on the central nervous system, groin, perineum, rectum, external genital area, as well as in the large and especially the small pelvis. The role of this complication is attributed to several factors. Surgical trauma, intoxication of the nervous system from anesthesia and anesthesia (especially spinal), loss of conditioned reflexes associated with an unusual position of the patient on the back, and, finally, an increased concentration of urine can lead to dysfunction in the innervation of the bladder.

The combination of combined pregnancy with twisting of the leg of the pregnant tube has hardly been observed by anyone, and therefore such cases should be considered an exceptional rarity. This allows us to publish our observation.

Heinе-Medin's disease is not only a "insidious" disease [1]), but also not fully studied etiologically and has not received a complete clinical outline. The vast majority of observations on this clinical form concern childhood; acute polio in adults is a rather rare disease. In the clinic of nervous diseases of the Perm state. un-that I happened to observe a case of acute poliomyelitis in an adult with a peculiar, atypical localization.

One of the characteristic signs of infectious diseases, signs that allowed medical thought long before the discovery of the kingdom of microbes to single out infectious diseases into a special, peculiar group of diseases, is the fact that these diseases become widespread from time to time when we talk about the presence of an epidemic. The repeated observation that one sporadic case is often followed by mass diseases, just as from one thrown spark a huge fire spreads over a vast territory, made it possible for scientific thinkers of ancient times to say that the cause of infectious diseases is something that capable of development and reproduction, or, more simply, must be a living being. This truth, as everyone is well aware, has become a scientific property only since the time of the brilliant works of Pasteur and Koshʹa, whose name is associated with the emergence of medical microbiology as an independent scientific discipline of medical knowledge. The brilliant discoveries of the pioneers of medical microbiology brought extraordinary inspiration to the mood of those who were busy with the idea of ​​penetrating deeper into the mysterious phenomena surrounding the question of the nature of infectious diseases. Since then, the study of infectious diseases, which has made in a very short period of time a number of extremely important discoveries of both theoretical and practical nature, has been concentrated mainly in the laboratory, largely obscuring the methods of clinical and epidemiological analysis of phenomena for a short time. The enthusiasm for the successes of experimental bacteriology was so great that it seemed to many that the mere fact of the discovery of the causative agent of the disease was enough to consider the question of this infection almost settled. The persistent pursuit of the discovery of new pathogenic microbes was largely fueled by a one-sided idea of ​​the role of a pathogenic agent in the emergence and development of a disease: the presence of specific bacteria was considered the only necessary and completely sufficient condition for the origin of infectious diseases. Soon, however, when the first frenzy of discovery dissipated, when our knowledge of infection and pathogens increased significantly, “we,” says Muller, “became much more humble. Where it seemed to us that we clearly see all the details, many new tasks arose: many clinical data, which during the first bacteriological enthusiasm were almost handed over to the archives, came into their own again, and, recognizing the extraordinary progress to which we owe to the discoveries of Koshʹa and his disciples, we must nevertheless admit that we are still very far from the goal that we considered already achieved." Both from the data of experimental bacteriology and from everyday observation of the occurrence of infectious diseases, it became clear that, in addition to the absolutely necessary presence of a pathogenic microbe, other conditions must also be met for an infectious disease to develop. These conditions, first of all, must be sought in the properties of the infected organism, and therefore we must consider infectious diseases as a biological phenomenon, which is a function of the interaction of two living beings on each other. And since the properties of a macro- and microorganism do not represent a constant value, but change sharply depending on external conditions, in the final analysis, when studying infectious diseases, we must reckon with 3 factors: 1) the totality of the properties of a macroorganism, 2) the properties of a pathogenic microbe and 3) a set of external conditions under which the influence of both creatures on each other occurs. These three main lines determine the ways of studying infectious diseases, and for the success of a comprehensive knowledge of these diseases, all these lines of direction turn out to be equally valuable and necessary. These provisions, however, do not determine the immediate tasks facing medical thought in the study of infections. The individual tasks of this vast branch of medical knowledge turn out to be very different depending on the goal that the researcher sets for himself, as well as depending on the approach to such a complex biological phenomenon as infectious diseases. The clinic predominantly has in mind the goal of practical servicing of a diseased organism in terms of treatment, diagnosis, proper care, etc. infection, to study the protective forces of the macroorganism, which it has in the fight against infection, the mechanism of recovery and immunity, in other words, to study the intimate picture of the combat between the macro and the microorganism.

Both the ideological and practical leadership of the fight against tuberculosis in Germany is in the hands of the "Deutsches Zentralcomité zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose", headed by: the chairman of the committee, he is also the president of the German department Zdr. Dr Hamel and the general secretary of the committee, d-r Helm. But various anti-tuberculosis institutions in Germany (hospitals, dispensaries, sanatoriums, etc.) belong to different organizations: cities, insurance offices, the Red Cross Society, etc. : institutions.

Mendelsohn Zeit, für.Kreislauff., 1928, No. 19), based on the fact that during the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of a higher animal organism, we see the performance of all complex metabolic functions by one primary cell, the formation of formed elements in the plasma in parallel with the growing need of the organism for oxygen, the gradual formation of lymphatic tubes and the differentiation of blood vessels from them, finally, the formation of a thickening in one place of the vascular bed giving rise to the heart, considers blood circulation as one of the functions of general juice circulation (Saft-Umlauf), the heart as a secondary organ in the circulatory system and many heart diseases, like impaired circulation and subsequent blood circulation.

According to G. Modena and L. Fernandez'y (Arch, für Verdauungskr., Bd. 42, No. 1-2) in histamine we not only have an excellent stimulant, with the help of which we obtain pure juice for studying the secretory function of the stomach, but it is also an excellent means for recognizing achilia, namely, the absence of its action: indicates a serious organic lesion, for example, stomach cancer and gastritis in malignant anemia.

Hauffе (Zeit. F. Kreislauff., 1928, No. 18) recalls the forgotten observations of Humboldt'a, who discovered the appearance in oxygen of the movements of stopped fish and frog hearts and a decrease in cardiac pulsations in carbon dioxide. According to Haller, heart movements caused by the introduction of atmospheric air last much longer than those arising from chemical or mechanical irritations.

By removing the Jаquet'a device phlebograms from v. jugularis in different sick and healthy people before and after a water test (1½ liters of water inside), Fischer (Zeit. f. Kreislauf., 1928. No. 20) draws the following conclusions: 1) an increase in the amount of blood (from the introduction of water or other reasons) creates increased phlebogram waves (especially waves at a); 2) acceleration of blood flow also leads to an increase in waves; 3) some diseases can give - characteristic phlebograms; so, for example, insufficiency of the aortic valves with strong decompensation often gives a very large wave a, a slightly noticeable wave c, and an almost normal wave v, and the same valvular lesion without decompensation can give a phlebogram, differing in the height and sharpness of its teeth; 4) increased phlebogram waves are most often found with left ventricular hypertrophy in the stage of decompensation, since this condition increases the blood flow rate; 5) phlebogram is not only a reflection of the activity of the right atrium, but an expression of general circulation.

Having studied, through experiments and observations on patients, the effect of this remedy B. Stanojevič (Casopis lékaruv českÿch, 1928, No. 21) came to the following conclusions: 1) Lemon juice increases the secretion and acidity of the stomach equally at normal levels, decreases and increases in this acidity. 2) The introduction of juice through the probe causes an increased separation of the juice of the duodenum; the same effect have also receptions of juice per os both in people of normal and icteric, and in dogs in experiments on them. 3) Lemon juice exhibits a significant diuretic effect, which is strongest in jaundice, continuing in them even after they stop drinking the juice. 4) The specific gravity of urine after drinking the juice decreases according to the increase in the amount of urine, while the excretion of chlorides decreases, and urea comes in, and the urine gets an alkaline reaction. 5) In catarrhal jaundice, the appointment of lemon juice has a significant therapeutic effect, the yellowness of the urine sharply decreases, the urine clears up, and the feces get a normal color. 6) Patients tolerate this treatment (juice of 4-7 lemons a day, pure or with water) well and do not show any gastrointestinal disturbances.

Wiesenthal (Münch, med. W., 1928, No. 28), based on the studies of Schellong'a (Münch, med. W., 1927, No. 27), tried this remedy in 16 cases and received very good results. It is usually given 3 times a day in a tablet, each tablet containing 0.01 extr. belladonnae, 0.2 bismuthi subnitrici and 0.6 magnesiae ustae.

Singer used it (according to Ber. Ü. D. Ges Gyn., Bd. 13) and found that it has a very good effect, especially in spastic constipation. At the same time, being used in suppositories, quinine exerts its effect within a few minutes and no later than 2 hours, with subcutaneous or intravenous administration, the effect occurs within 6-48 hours. The dose is 0.25-0.5-1.0. Side effects are very rare. The author recommends quinine especially for the treatment of postoperative constipation.

According to W. Grоssmann'y (Med. Klinik, 1928, No. 12) for the treatment of hypertension, it is undoubtedly possible to recommend the named remedy, containing the active components of the plant Viscum album (mistletoe). In cases of mild and moderate hypertension of various origins, by compression up to 200 mlm., Taking the drug 20 drops three times a day, most often in 8-14 days, a rapidly advancing and slowly increasing pressure drop by 20-40 mlm., In parallel with which significantly painful subjective disorders such as flickering before the eyes, tinnitus, hot flashes, dizziness and headaches also subside. In more severe cases, with a pressure of more than 200, mainly with advanced sclerosis of the arteries or kidneys, the decrease in pressure is not so constant, it is often not observed at all, but subjective disorders are often significantly improved here. The hood lasts indefinitely, is constant in its action and is cheap (2 marks for a glass of 30 kb. Ctm.). Therefore, it deserves attention, and with the availability of other drugs to lower blood pressure, such as drugs from the gonads — yogimbin, vasotonin (yogimbin with urethane), nitrites, nitroscleran and aorthalgin (Na nitrosum plus NaJ).

The biological activity of tbc processes is best revealed by using intra-skin tests. Model and Sinelnikova (Vopr. Tub., 1928, No. 7-8), on the basis of their observations, come to the conclusion that ATK Nöshst'a is the most suitable for this purpose. Comparing ATK preparations produced by the Central Bacteriological Institute (Moscow) and the 1st Ukrainian San. Bact. Institute (Kharkov), the authors consider them close to the drug Höchst'a. Albumosefrei Höchst is close to ATK Höchst'a and has some advantages over the latter. It does not contain foreign impurities (albumosis and peptones) that distort the biological effect of tuberculin, which is why the authors recommend the distribution of this drug for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Denys, Rosenbach'a and Kresling'a preparations are reduced in comparison with Höchst'a ATK. while Tuberculol, i.e. the aqueous extract of VC, is very close to ATK.

Pleurisy is usually seen as an early sign of pulmonary tbc. Oeffneg (Zeit. F. Tbc. B. 50. H. 1) re-examined patients with pleurisy who applied to the Munich clinic from 1916-1925. Of the 100 cases, it turned out that 72 had no tbc changes, 25 had progressive pulmonary tuberculosis, 3 cases followed by extrapulmonary tbc. Based on his observations, the author comes to the conclusion that pleural changes alone without concomitant fresh tbc lung lesions in the vast majority do not lead to progressive lung tbc. O. does not consider the observed apical changes in pleurisy as fresh and active tbc, they mostly represent old stalled changes.

Intramuscular injection of own blood in postoperative pneumonia is praised by N. Siegenfeld (Wien, klin W., 1928, No. 12) on the basis of 9 cases where this method of treatment gave a quick effect.

Heim (Klin. W., 1928, No. 17) observed in tetanus an amazingly good effect of this drug when administered into the veins and 30-40 grm. per os.

For stopping pulmonary hemorrhages tbc character Giuffrida. (Münch M. Woch. 1928, No. 7) recommends the introduction of adrenaline into the cavity of the tracheobronchial tree above the vocal cords in the amount of one mlgr. (in 3 cubic meters, cmt of water). Out of 50 cases, in 45 the author was able to stop pulmonary hemorrhage, and in 12 cases one injection was sufficient. The duration of action of adrenaline is limited to 12 hours, after which the bleeding often resumes. The author recommends doing injections for 4 days, and for the first time two days, two injections a day, then one at a time. The mechanism of action of adrenaline is not to increase blood pressure, but to local vasoconstriction.

Applying the Bezredka antigen in 54 cases, A. less violent than from ATK. The therapy is smoother and takes less time. The contingent of patients indicated for this therapy is somewhat wider than with ATK therapy, and the range of contraindicated cases is narrowed. In case of severe allergies or dysergia, therapy with Bezredok antigen is preferable before ATK.

Shagalova (Vopr. Tub., 1928. No. 7-8), according to his observations, comes to the conclusion that according to the degree of sensitivity, the number of positive reactions and the size of papules, tuberculins can be arranged as follows: the most active is Kharkov tuberculin, then follows: Moscow, Germanic and least sensitive — Leningradsky.

Hunter, Staub and Lunsford (Arch, of path. A. Lab. Med., Vol. 6, No. 5, 1928) observed a case when a patient with depressive-manic psychosis for the purpose of suicide introduced through the skin of the sixth intercostal space along the left nipple line an aluminum tube from the mouthpiece, 8.9 cm long, and 4 mm in diameter. Within two days, there were no subjective or objective symptoms, and only starting from the third day there was a moderate increase in temperature and an increase in pulse and respiration, which lasted until death, which occurred only on the 9th day, suddenly for 10 with the phenomena of sharp cyanosis , increased heart rate and respiration. An intravital X-ray examination did not reveal any foreign body in either the chest cavity or the heart. An autopsy showed that the tube passed over the apex of the heart through the wall of the left ventricle into its cavity and from there, through the posterior wall, entered into the left lung. There was a slight hemorrhage in the cardiac shirt and fresh fibrinous pericarditis. The authors explain the negative X-ray study by the light permeability of aluminum for all rays, with the exception of the shortest X-rays.

Prof. S. S. Girgolav (Journal of Modern Surgery, vol. III, issue, 4.1928), having examined his 54 cases of repeated operations, came to the conclusion that with callosal ulcers of the lesser curvature of the stomach, resection should be done the first time. If after G — E there was no light gap and an unhealed ulcer was found during the repeated operation, then, obviously, the anastomosis does not work and resection is necessary. If the anastomosis is functional and the ulcer is in the new or old site, resection is recommended. In case of complaints of upset gastric digestion and the absence of an ulcer during a second operation, the anastomosis should be destroyed.

Dr. W. Förster (Zentralbl. F. Chirurg, no. 49, 1928) from I / X 1918. no 30 / IX 1928 performed 1,053 operations on the cecum. Of these, in 851 cases. for acute inflammation and 202 cases. in chronic and complicated processes. The severity of the case was controlled by the leukocyte count. Mortality was observed in 18 cases, that is, in 1.7%. Of these, in 2 mild cases due to tuberculosis and cardiac weakness, and the other - embolism. In the remaining 16 cases, death occurred due to the presence of peritonitis, intestinal paralysis, obstruction and other complications during the operation. In 149 cases, a cloudy purulent exudate was found. In 68 cases. deposition of pus and inflammation of the intestine, the author lists these cases as peritonitis. In 343 cases. worms were found, 45 of them freely perforated into the abdominal cavity. The appendix contained 126 times fecal stones, 13 times small foreign bodies, 96 - worms. In 116 cases. the abdominal cavity was drained, in the rest it was closed tightly. In drained cases, mortality is 8. Postoperative management of patients: in mild cases, they get up after 3 days and are discharged home after 7 days. In severe cases, the fight against intoxication, intestinal paresis and heart weakness was carried out by intravenous administration of sugar with hypophysin, Cardiozol, etc. From the onset of the attack to the moment of the operation, it took up to 5.1 days. The author ascribes the main merit of good results to referring doctors, and if the population is more attentive to themselves and more often see a doctor, the statistics will improve significantly.

Priv. associate professor H. M. Savkov (Zhurn. sovrem, surgeon., vol. III, issue 4, 1928) for 12 years has done 700 operations for the above diseases, including 647 gastroenterostomies. In 69% the author received good long-term results, 13% - satisfactory and 18% bad. The mortality rate is 32%. The best percentage of good long-term postoperative results give duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers with increased secretion. A continuous diet is recommended to reduce postoperative poor outcomes. Callous ulcers, chronic ulcers with decreased secretion and dilatation of the gastric wall and all ulcers suspected of malignant transformation should be subject to resection.

Dr. Brodsky (New. Surgeon. Arch., No. 64, 1928), considering the material of nephrolithiasis by prof. SP Fedorov (257 cases) did not find hematuria in 1/5 of all cases. The absence of hematuria should not serve as a basis for denying the disease of kidney stones. In almost half of all cases, former macroscopic bleeding can be noted.

R. Moulonguet (Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société de Chirurgie à Paris, Mars, 1928) recommends the following modified Krogius'a method: no circular skin incision, bypassing the kneecap from the inside and from below; the skin flap is folded up and out; a vertical incision, 2 cm outward from the outer edge of the knee cap, dissect the fibrous tissue and move the cup to its normal place. Then, from the inside of the knee cap, the aponeurosis of m is separated. vastus intern, in the form of an oblong flap 8-10 cm long and 2 cm wide, carefully separate it from the adjacent tissues, sparing the integrity of the muscle fibers and the joint capsule. This flap is carried outward from the knee cap, passing over its upper edge, and sutured into the wound made by the first vertical incision; the wound at the site of excision of the aponeurosis flap is pulled together with sutures. Immobilization within 10 days; on the 15th day it is allowed to get up. This transplant gives the kneecap a solid support. At the moment of stress m. quadriceps cruralis, when the patella tends to move outward, the muscle "tie" from the bundles of m. vastus intern, holds it in place.

Derby (Americ. Journ. Of. Ophth. 1928) proposes an original method for correcting ptosis with a ligamentous fascia loop. Above the ciliary edge, the top, the eyelid is incised immediately to the cartilage. The upper edge of the incision is somewhat separated. Then, with a double-sided knife, on both sides of the midline, 2 channels are made subcutaneously, ending above the eyebrow. A strip cut from the wide fascia of the thigh (7-8 cm long and 1 cm wide) is passed in the form of a loop through these channels. The ends of the loop are brought out into the holes above the eyebrow, where they are sewn to the frontal muscle and skin. One eye patch for a week.

Julius Hass (Zeitschrift für orthopädiche Chirurgie, Febr. 1928 considers a plaster corset to be the only rational device for treating scoliosis, subject to gradual, prolonged and gentle pressure on the bulge of the ribs; he recommends the following method: a plaster corset is applied to the patient in the Glisson loop, and from the side A flattened rubber balloon, previously wrapped in suede or some other material, with a rubber tube extended outward is placed on the bulge on the torso. Wide windows are made from the concave side. Air is slightly pumped into the balloon once a week. The child does gymnastics daily. This treatment is used in children and adolescents in the period of growth and should last at least 2 years, and a plaster corset is worn only in autumn and winter, in summer it is replaced by a removable leather apparatus.

Siegfried Bornich (Zeitschrift für orthopädiche Chirurgie, 23 Dec. 1927). The human body is rarely completely symmetrical. Asymmetry occurs in all parts of our skeleton, but is especially reflected in the spine. Due to the unequal length of the legs, the pelvis takes an oblique position, which in turn causes scoliosis. In a child, the left leg is usually shorter than the right, the lumbar part of the spine is bent to the left; in the thoracic part of the spine, a compensatory curvature to the right occurs. In young men, the right leg becomes shorter, the pelvis, depending on this, changes the slope, but scoliosis is already static in nature. Asymmetry has become permanent. In adults, finally, there is a cross type of asymmetry, when, for example, the left shin is shorter than the right, the thigh, on the contrary, etc. The author concludes that asymmetry is of great importance from the point of view of physical education: gymnastics should be different according to the type asymmetry and age of the child.

Friede (Zeitschr. F. Aug. 1928. Bd. 65) offers a simple technique to help flush the lacrimal sac with narrowing of the lacrimal passages, when the latter fails due to the fact that the fluid returns back through the superior lacrimal canal. F. recommends in such cases, introducing fluid through the lower tubule, to squeeze the upper tubule using a round glass rod placed over the lacrimal meatus, while pulling it at the same time to the nasal process of the upper jaw. Thus, the possibility of reverse flow of the liquid is eliminated and it goes in the right direction.

The frequent formation of fibrous adhesions between the serous sheets of the peritoneum after operations forces many surgeons to look for means to prevent this undesirable and sometimes very serious and dangerous consequence of surgical interventions for diseases of the abdominal organs. Recently Johnson, on the basis of the alleged property of amniotic fluid to prevent the adhesion of the fetus to the amniotic sac, proposed its use as a means of preventing the formation of postoperative adhesions between the sheets of the peritoneum. Warren (Arch. Of Path. A. Lab. Med., Vol. 6, No. 5, 1928 and Amer. Journ. Path. No. 6 Vol. IV, 1928) tried to experimentally substantiate this proposal, (for this, during laparotomy in marine pigs, he produced a fairly strong mechanical damage to the sheets of the peritoneum, then to one group of animals he injected into the cavity of the peritoneum from 10 to 15 kb of sterile amniotic fluid, and some animals served as control. , in almost half of the cases, a complete prevention of the formation of adhesions was achieved, in others, a significant decrease in the number of adhesions was obtained. -first, the property of amniotic fluid to significantly reduce the duration of bleeding from wound surfaces, which eliminates the formation of large amounts of fibrin that the organ can undergo izatsii; secondly, due to the slow absorption of amniotic fluid from the abdominal cavity, it serves as a lubricant that maintains the slipperiness of serous surfaces. The author used the so-called. concentrated human and cow amniotic fluid, obtained after treating the fluid with alcohol to remove some of the proteins from it. Based on his data, the author recommends always using amniotic fluid where they want to avoid the formation of adhesions between the sheets of the peritoneum. Moreover, further research gives Warren's reason to recommend the use of amniotic fluid for the same purpose in operations on other serous cavities (pleura, heart, joints).

A.S. Hagedoorn and A. L. Hagedoorn (according to Ber. U. D. G. Gyn. Bd. XIV, H. 8) cite observations of rabbits and hares. It is known that pregnancy in rabbits lasts 4 weeks. Shortly before giving birth, the rabbit prepares a nest and displays her cubs in it; young rabbits are naked and blind. In hares, the duration of pregnancy is 8 weeks; hares are born larger than rabbits, sighted, covered with hair and can move freely. When a rabbit is mated with a hare, naked, blind rabbits similar to each other are born, in an adult state, the instinct of a rabbit is found in females (they prepare nests), and pregnancy lasts 4 weeks. When a hare is mated with a rabbit, pregnancy lasts 8 weeks, animals are born, similar to rabbits, but covered with wool, sighted, much larger and capable of movement. From these observations, the authors conclude that the duration of pregnancy and the term of delivery do not depend on the development of the fetus and not on its hormones, this, apparently, is the reaction of the maternal organism, which is determined by the genotype. This reaction, apparently, depends on the development of a special tissue or group of cells in the mother's body, since sometimes a non-pregnant rabbit, after mating, prepares a nest and covers it with wool.

Hirsch (Zeitschr, 1. Geb. and Gyn. Bd. 91, 1927), on the basis of statistics on the mortality of mothers and children in Germany, tries to prove that this mortality during normal obstetric operations remains almost stationary for several decades and that an improvement has begun to be noted only with a broad introduction to obstetric practice of abdominal caesar section. Denying all vaginal operations, except for the exit forceps and simple extraction of the fetus, N. reduces all operational obstetrics to the production of an abdominal Caesar section, with the help of which a greater number of mothers and children can be saved. The production of internal research and any operations outside N.'s clinic does not allow. Hirsch's ideas were decisively rebuffed by Winter (Centr. F. Gyn., 1928, No. 1), who showed that Hirsch's statistical justifications are incorrect, Caesar section gives a greater mortality rate than vaginal operations, and, in addition, in obstetric practice, there are often complications arising during childbirth and requiring immediate assistance on the spot. To improve the formulation of obstetrics, W. considers it necessary: ​​1) examination of each pregnant woman 4 weeks before childbirth and referral to the clinic in case of the possibility of serious complications; 2) increasing the educational qualification of midwives; 3) delivery to the clinic of all severe cases (eclampsia, placenta previa, narrow pelvis, tumors and scars of the soft birth canal, elderly first-born women, transverse positions, atopic bleeding during previous childbirth); 4) increasing obstetric knowledge among doctors (the VIII All-Union Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists also spoke not in favor of Hirsch’s proposal. Ref.).

Since the main reason for failures with plastic methods is the direct action of urine on the suture line, Dr. side, up and to the side, where urine cannot reach with a catheter à demeure. The technique is briefly as follows: there is no need to stretch the cervix, you can successfully operate in depth. The edges of the fistula are cut obliquely throughout. Then, capturing the refreshed edge of one side of the vaginal wall with the coher, the entire thickness of the vaginal wall is separated from the entire thickness of the bladder wall to the exposure of the soft tissues of the thigh. The same is done on the other side. As a result, 4 mobilized flaps are obtained, each of which consists separately of the cystic and separately of the vaginal wall, separated from each other. Both refreshed edges of the cystic wall are sutured to the soft tissues of the thigh. After the cystic walls are sewn to the side wall, the vaginal wall is sutured.

Chlenov (Clinical Medicine, 1928, vol. VI, No. 3) in a rather large, interesting article in detail, having analyzed all the indications and contraindications for the use of sulfur baths for syphilis, indicates that the use of such in syphilis is often problematic, not based on any what scientific findings. With extremely rare exceptions (malignant syphilis), there are no direct indications for the use of sulfur baths for syphilitics. Increased release of mercury when using sulfur baths is observed when using conventional baths. To reinforce the specific course and the general condition of the body, a syphilitic can be sent with equal success to other resorts in addition to Pyatigorsk. The problematic nature of sulfur baths in syphilis, meanwhile, has led to the fact that Pyatigorsk enjoys an undeserved syphilidological reputation among the public and doctors; they are afraid to go there, so as not to get the stigma of a syphilitic. This extremely sad fact leads to the fall of Pyatigorsk as a resort, to a decrease in its attendance, while its natural resources (sulfuric, salt, bitter waters, Tambukan mud) can serve a colossal number of a wide variety of patients.

Feldman discusses chancre-free syphilis. (Syphilis d'emblée) (Clinical medicine, 1928, vol. VI, No. 5). The dogma that syphilis necessarily begins with chancre has recently been greatly shaken by both experimental and clinical observations. Kolle experiments on rabbit "pullers" proved the possibility of a syphilitic hematogenous infection without chancre: rabbits infected with syphilis, which did not reveal any clinical phenomena of syphilis when inoculating their organs to other rabbits, turned out to be sick with syphilis. A number of clinical observations (the author has collected in the world literature 8 reliable, irreproachable cases, of which one of his own also confirms the possibility of syphilis without chancre. who, as it turned out later, suffered from chronic syphilis (Syphilis ingnoratah) (Donnar did not undergo Wasserm reaction before the operation.) 74 days after the blood transfusion, the patient who received the blood transfusion is diagnosed with fresh syphilis: roseola, swelling lymphatic glands, positive WR. Careful searches for the primary affect - chancre were unsuccessful. all the time in the hospital under strict medical supervision. The described case is, i.e. arr. an undoubted manifestation of hematogenous syphilitic infection without chancre. The author makes a reservation that he means syphilis without a clinical chancre, but not without a histological one, since, of course, no one can prove or deny the presence of the latter, that is, microscopic syphiloma without visible clinical phenomena. The article contains all the literature on this extremely complex and interesting issue.

Meta Oelze-Rheinboldt (Arch. F. Derm. U. Syph. Bd. 155, 1928) regrets that new textbooks have given little attention to female urethral strictures, while she observes that they are relatively common. In cases with frequent urge to urinate, it is necessary to think about strictures. Along with the study with bougie, capitate probes, urethrocystoscopy is necessary. In girls and girls who did not have a history of gonorrhea, strictures can occur due to nervous irritations. The author recommends treatment with an endoscope, careful and prolonged dilatation, and better in combination with diathermy.

Sukhova (Kurortnoye Delo, 1928 No. 8—9) proposes the organization of the Institute in Pyatigorsk, where a large amount of material from Neurolues is collected annually, to study the question of the causes contributing to Neurolues, the advisability of one or another type of therapy for early syphilis (from the article it is not clear how the study of this issue should proceed, since it is unlikely that one history of the therapy performed will solve this difficult problem, if we recall the instructions of Nonne, Weugandt, Finger and Kyrle that none of the existing methods of therapy for syphilis protects against Neurolues); we also think that it is possible to study this issue systematically and more expediently in separate large clinics of our Union in relation to individual nationalities and regions and, I think, with greater success than in Pyatigorsk, whose fame, as a specific resort for Neurolues, is taken in recently questioned.