Until 1905, that is, before the discovery of the causative agent of syphilis, Spirochaeta pallida, only very little was known about spirochetes; at the present time the chapter "Spirochetosis" belongs to the most extensive and important chapters of microbiology. At the time given to me for my presentation, I can give you only a brief overview of the relevant field.

After the discovery by Schaudin, in 1905, of the causative agent of syphilis, naturally keen interest among bacteriologists raised the question of the cultivation of this spirochete. However, the difficulties that were encountered on the way of the first researchers (Kolpino and Fontana, Levaditi and Mc Intosh, Schereschewsk y, Hoffmann) in solving this problem forced the question of cultivating spirochetes in general to be put on the agenda. Therefore, it is not a mere coincidence that the first pure culture of the spirochete (Spir. Dentium) was obtained by Mühlen S'OM in 1906, that is, already a year after the discovery of the pale spirochete. However, mixed cultures of spirochetes (so-called Mischkultur) were obtained even earlier — Goadby B1903, Veszpémi, Walver and F unni with lif fʹ, Müll e r and Scherber in 1905. In 1909, Schereschewsky received a pale spirochete in a culture mixed with other bacteria, and in the same year, Mühlens, and a year later, Hoffmann announced that they had received a pure culture of this spirochete.

The question of the importance of the mineral constituents of the poverty reap and its ash in the nutrition of the animal organism was first raised by the well-known Comission de Ia gelatine. In the reports of this Commission, we find, among other things, the assumption that the cause of death of animals, when fed with boiled meat, or washed in distilled water and squeezed out fibrin, is the low ash content of the food.

The subject of my lecture is the doctrine of the nonspecific treatment of infectious and other diseases, which, under the name Proteinkörpertherapie, currently combines a number of long-known therapeutic methods, such as: vaccine therapy, serotherapy, organotherapy, as well as those departments of pharmacotherapy where the current principles are various substances of a protein nature.

I hardly need to talk about that. how important is the timely and rapid recognition of infectious diseases such as relapsing fever and malaria. Since the causative agents of these diseases in a certain period of the disease are in the peripheral blood, the usual method of recognizing these diseases is a blood test.

Before the introduction of the principle of chemotherapy for spirillous diseases, the treatment of relapsing fever was only symptomatic: during an attack, antipyretic, cardiac, and other agents were used; the disease was essentially untreated from its beginning to its end.

In recent years, at the Hospital Surgical Clinic of Kazan University, there have been several rather interesting cases of replacement of extensive defects of the skull after traumatic injuries, accompanied by epileptic seizures.

Wide access to the oral cavity is necessary for surgeons, mainly for the surgical treatment of tongue cancer with localization of the neoplasm in the posterior parts of the latter, especially when the cancer transitions to the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth or to the arcus palato-glossus.

The functions of the spinal cord are automatic in the embryo in a normal person; thus, knee flexion is easier with hip flexion. In animals with a less differentiated forebrain, it appears more clearly (for example, in a rabbit, flexion of one articulation gives rise to flexion in the other).

During its development, the eyeball undergoes a number of metamorphoses until it takes on the finished form in which it is known to us in a fully developed state, as a miniature in size, but a complex structure and an organ that is important in its function. Even in a newborn, the eye is still incompletely formed, and its detailed completion continues for some time after the birth of the child.

According to Savinі for this purpose, glasses with lubricants are placed in a 5% solution of two chromium copper, washed and stained with a saturated solution of charlah in ethyl alcohol, followed by: washing, light coloring of the nuclei with a contrasting paint, again washing, drying and imprisoning in neutral glycerin or a thick solution of levulose.

Grlässner warmly recommends for this purpose a 0.2-0.4% solution of caustic soda with aq. menthae piperitae, 50 timing. every 2 hours, with the entire treatment lasting from 2 to 3 months. Caustic alkali has a threefold effect on the stomach wall: 1) neutralizing, 2) destroying enzymes and 3) cauterizing. It is tolerated by patients very well and usually gives a quick effect in the sense of the disappearance of pain and other subjective disorders.

Lyubarsky gives an interesting summary of the works of various authors who worked in the past epidemic of the Spanish flu.

On the basis of both his own observations and the data available in the literature, Schubert comes to the conclusion that relapsing fever does not give persistent immunity, after which reinfection is sometimes observed in both humans and animals; the latter can proceed with 1.2 or more attacks, and the nature of the primary disease and its duration do not seem to have a noticeable effect on the course of the disease during reinfection. In the opinion of this author, in order to avoid the spread of the disease, it is necessary to withstand recurrent typhoid patients in medical institutions with a normal temperature of 20 days, and any attack that occurs after this period can be considered reinfection.

When carrying out a differential diagnosis between these two diseases, the blood test for lymphocytes does not have, according to Weinberg, the significance that Moeves is trying to ascribe to it. True, according to Weinberg's observations, lymphopenia in stomach cancer occurs more often than in achilia gastrica, where, on the contrary, it is more often possible to ascertain lymphocytosis, but the difference here is not so great as to base the diagnosis on one attribute.

Having tried vaccine therapy in 14 patients, Prof. Zlatogorov and Dr. Viskovsky found that this method was harmless and gave both general relief to the patients and improvement of local intestinal phenomena. The authors used for treatment: 1) Flexner type vaccine and 2) Flexner and Hiss divaccine from agar cultures killed by heating at 58° for 1 hour.

Analyzing this issue, prof. Fedorov decisively speaks out in favor of more radical methods. By the way, he got excellent results from burning out ulcers suggested by Balfour, always combining this burnout with gastroenterostomy.

In the revolutionary committee, contrary to the generally accepted custom — after the prompt removal of cancers, to expose patients to prophylactic X-rays in order to prevent the return of the disease, there are Keysser's observations, according to which cancer underwent prophylactic X-rays in the Tübingen clinic the breast gave a higher percentage of relapses than those who did not.

Based on a number of personal observations of prof. Yarotsky considers artificial pneumothorax to be a very valuable therapeutic agent, in appropriate cases saving such patients who would inevitably die without it.

Analyzing the question of the immediate cause of the bursting of a mature Graaf's  bubble, Khazan arms himself against the currently prevailing theory of spontaneous ovulation  in his opinion, in the larvae of sexually mature women there is always a ready-to-burst Graaf's bubble, which, as is the case in animals, waits only for the act of copulation in order to isolate its contents.

For the recognition of early pregnancy, both uterine and ectopic, Ioseph strongly recommends the test with floridin.

Based on observations, over 25 cases of acute yellow atrophy of the liver in pregnant women that took place in Yekaterinburg in 1920-21. V. Peretz came to a trace, conclusions regarding this disease.

Having tried X-ray (at a dose of 18 to 67 N, given for 3-7 sessions) with this purpose in 10 cases of early pregnancy (the delay of menstruation was from 8 to 35 days), Arkhangelsky received sharply different results depending on the duration of pregnancy: in 7 cases, where the delay in menstruation was no more than 3 weeks, abortion occurred, in 3 cases where the delay was more than 3 weeks. the pregnancy, despite the X-ray, continued.

Mayer emphasizes the important role that hies play in the etiology of acute atrophy of the liver: out of 25 cases of his material that were submitted for autopsy, in 15 cases of his material, the previous syphilis was undoubted and in 5 - probable.