Jul 2021, Volume 23 Issue 3
    

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  • Orginal Article
    Yong Gan, Weilun Yin, Haizhou Wang, Xuedong Chen, Weicheng Fan, Zhongqin Lin, Zhiyun Ouyang

    The standards system for supporting high-quality development is based on the development concept of “innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing” and supports the all-round, high-quality development of China’s economy, society, and ecology. Conducting strategic research on this standards system plays a basic and leading role in promoting economic development, ecological environment quality, and social governance level, and is significant for meeting people’s needs for a better life. In this article, we analyze the concept of high-quality development as well as the connotation and characteristics of the standards system for supporting high-quality development, and study the difference between the high-quality development standards system and existing systems. Moreover, this study presents the main directions and implementation paths for the standards system by 2025 and 2035, focusing on agriculture, manufacturing, services, social governance, ecological civilization, and other key areas. Furthermore, we propose corresponding countermeasures in aspects of top level design, standardization policies, standardization capability improvement, and standardization personnel training, hoping to provide references for the development of the aforementioned key areas and for the decision making of relevant government departments.

  • Orginal Article
    Qiao Chu, Yanhua Yan, Mingpu Zhai, Wen Liu, Xingjun Xi, Wenhuan Zhang, Lingling Meng

    The whole industrial chain standards system of modern agriculture is a new standards system that is guided by market demand and integrates all production factors and the entire production process of agriculture; it is developed against the background of agricultural supply-side reforms in China and has become a cornerstone for the rural revitalization strategy and the high-quality development of China’s agriculture. In this article, we first summarize the demand for the whole industrial chain standards system and analyze the opportunities and hallenges faced by China in the construction of this standards system. Subsequently, we explore the connotation and guidelines of the standards system and propose a three-tier framework for this system. Furthermore, a development path and countermeasures are proposed. Specifically, the construction of the whole industrial chain standards system should focus on five aspects: formulation and revision of key standards, cultivation of standardization personnel, innovation of the agricultural standardization service mode, internationalization of industry standards, and establishment of industry associations’ standards. Moreover, to construct the whole industrial chain standards system, China should establish a coordinated working mechanism, strengthen demonstrations, conduct effect evaluation of the standardization, and improve its supervision system.

  • Orginal Article
    Mao Wang, Yang Wang, Jing Liu, Yang Xu, Xia Liu

    As the international competitiveness of China’s manufacturing industry continues to improve, the manufacturing industry of China is developing toward a high-quality pattern that pursues quality and efficiency. Hence, constructing a standards system for the manufacturing industry becomes critical for upgrading and internationalizing China’s manufacturing industry as well as commercializing scientific research achievements of the industry. In this article, we summarize the development trends of the standards system for manufacturing, and study the construction of standards systems by focusing on four key areas: equipment manufacturing, new materials, new-generation information technology, and consumer goods; the frameworks, ideas, and key tasks of the standards systems for these areas are clarified. Furthermore, to promote the quality of China’s manufacturing industry, future focus should be laid on standards system research, standards application, standards management mechanism, and international standardization.

  • Orginal Article
    Zongzhen Jin, Lijian Zhuang, Ning Xiang

    A standardization system is important for the high-quality and integrated development of producer services. However, the standardization system of producer services in China still requires improvement regarding standards coverage, effective supply, and internationalization. Therefore, establishing a standardization system that is scientifically regulated, technologically advanced, and forward-looking becomes urgent for the producer services. In this article, we study the development trend of producer services standardization, analyze the development status of producer services standardization in China and abroad, and summarizes the problems faced by the construction of a producer services standardization system in the new era. Moreover, the development goals, key directions, and implementation paths of the producer services standardization system for 2025 and 2035 are proposed. To provide technical support for standardizing the economic system of China, the standardization system of producer services should be improved to satisfy the demand for high-quality development, standards for new service formats should be timely formulated, connection of standards systems between producer services and other industries should be promoted, standardization personnel should be cultivated, and standards internationalization should be encouraged.

  • Orginal Article
    Yanfang Wang, Wei Zhu, Bo Bai

    Currently, urban and rural communities have become the new focus of social governance in China; however, the existing standards for urban and rural community governance cannot meet the new demand for governance modernization, and thus a new standards system is required. This study aims to research the development strategy of an urban and rural community governance standards system. In this article, we analyze the demand for standardizing urban and rural community governance in China, summarize the development status of standards systems related to urban and rural community governance in China and abroad, and explore the problems in the standardization in China. Moreover, we propose a preliminary framework and key directions for the standards system, covering general standards, community infrastructure, community information platform, community autonomy, community management, and community service. Considering the focus and weaknesses of urban and rural community governance in the new era, we propose several suggestions from five aspects: Top-level design, pilot demonstration, multi-party participation, overall urban–rural planning, and personnel training.

  • Orginal Article
    Wenbo Cai, Weihua Xu, Ning Yang, Xiaoyong Guo, Zhiyun Ouyang

    The ecological civilization construction in China currently demands high-quality development, and a standards system can guide and support the high-quality development of ecological civilization. In this study, we review the strategic demand for the high-quality development of ecological civilization, present the theoretical and practical progress of the standards system, and summarize the problems regarding the construction of the current standards system, such as lack of standards in key areas and a low implementation rate. Moreover, we propose several suggestions for optimizing the framework and content of the standard system and implementation paths for key areas. Specifically, a standards system for realizing ecological product values should be established to support the development of ecological economy; the standards system for ecological and environmental quality should be improved to guarantee national ecological and environmental safety; terrestrial and marine standards systems should be promoted to support territory spatial arrangement; and a green living standards system should be established to regulate the ecological culture construction.

  • Orginal Article
    Kenan Gong, Lianchao Yu, Xuelin Xu

    National quality infrastructure (NQI) is the technical foundation of a country’s high-quality development and an important component of the national innovation system. Improving the technical capacity and management level of the NQI is a key means to promote China’s strength in science and technology and product quality. Conducting strategic research on NQI is critical for transforming China from a country of quantity to a country of quality. This study analyzes the status quo and existing problems in the development of quality infrastructure in China and abroad and proposes the overall idea, objectives, and future direction of the NQI development strategy for China. Furthermore, we propose several policies to provide support and reference for the scientific development of China’s NQI, including clarifying the strategic positioning of NQI, optimizing the construction of NQI, consolidating NQI technical foundations and systemic services, strengthening diversified resource investment, and participating in the international exchanges of NQI.

  • Orginal Article
    Jianjun Pan, Yiren Wang, Xiaozhen Li, Yexi Kang, Hongwei Zhang, Jianxin Guo, Gangyang Zheng, Yanyan Wang

    Nuclear fuel cycle standardization is important for the safe and innovative development of the nuclear fuel cycle industry, especially when China has currently entered a high-quality development stage. Therefore, conducting strategic research on nuclear fuel cycle standardization becomes significant for boosting China’s nuclear industry. In this article, we analyze the development status of nuclear fuel cycle standardization in China and abroad, investigate the key problems of nuclear fuel cycle standardization in China from the perspectives of working mechanism, development balance, leading role, and support ability, and propose the major tasks and relevant countermeasures. Specifically, the major tasks involve seven aspects: post-stage standards of the nuclear fuel cycle, standards for key technologies, advanced standards, frontier basic standards, safety and environmental protection standards, international standardization, and basic capacities for standardization. Furthermore, the countermeasures comprise including nuclear fuel cycle standardization into the 14th Five-Year Plan of the nuclear industry, improving the standardization mechanism, increasing investment, and strengthening the construction of standardization talent teams.

  • Orginal Article
    Binxing Fang, Jinqiao Shi, Zhongru Wang, Weiqiang Yu

    Artificial intelligence (AI) brings significant societal progress and it also revolutionizes the cybersecurity sector. Thus, studying the security problems induced by the deep fusion of AI and cyberspace security becomes significant. In this article, we systematically analyze the major national security issues induced by the fusion, involving political, economic, social, and national defense securities. These issues aggravate the existing security risks and trigger new threats. Moreover, new attack scenarios are analyzed, including autonomous and large-scale denial-of-service attacks, intelligent and disguised social engineering attacks, and intelligent and targeted malicious code attacks. Subsequently, future AI-enabled attack types such as situation-awareness covert attacks, distributed autonomous-collaboration attacks, and self-evolving attacks are explored. To effectively address the security threats of AI-enabled cyber attacks, we suggest that an intelligent network attack and defense system should be established and its capabilities upgraded to construct equivalent capabilities. Sharing of AI security data assets should be encouraged to develop a data-centered path for AI-enabled network attack and defense technologies. Furthermore, the AI-enabled network attack and defense technologies should be evaluated and verified through counterwork, enabling these technologies to be practically implemented.

  • Orginal Article
    Shiqiang Zhu, Yongheng Wang

    Content security refers to the protection of information content and that the information content meets the requirements at political, legal, and moral levels. The recent development of artificial intelligence (AI) has had a very important impact on content security. In this article, we summarize the research status and development trends of AI-based content security in China and abroad based on the major strategic demand therefor, and presents the key technical issues regarding AI-based content security. This study proposes to build the world’s leading AI-based content security system through a three-step strategy. Innovation and breakthroughs should be made in areas such as adversarial machine learning, explainable AI, hybrid enhanced intelligence, and knowledge-driven content security. Meanwhile, the construction of policies, regulations, and regulatory mechanisms should be emphasized. Furthermore, major content security infrastructure such as cyber ranges for content attack and defense and large-scale social system simulation devices for public opinion attack and defense should be established.

  • Orginal Article
    Yuqing Liu, Yuhuai Zhang, Peiqi Duan, Boxin Shi, Zhaofei Yu, Tiejun Huang, Wen Gao

    Human beings might face significant security risks after entering into the artificial general intelligence (AGI) era. By summarizing the difference between AGI and traditional artificial intelligence, we analyze the sources of the security risks of AGI from the aspects of model uninterpretability, unreliability of algorithms and hardware, and uncontrollability over autonomous consciousness. Moreover, we propose a security risk assessment system for AGI from the aspects of ability, motivation, and behavior. Subsequently, we discuss the defense countermeasures in the research and application stages. In the research stage, theoretical verification should be improved to develop interpretable models, the basic values of AGI should be rigorously constrained, and echnologies should be standardized. In the application stage, man-made risks should be prevented, motivations should be selected for AGI, and human values should be given to AGI. Furthermore, it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation and the education of AGI professionals, to well prepare for the unknown coming era of AGI.

  • Orginal Article
    Wen Shi, Kaiwen Wang, Chengpu Yu, Jian Sun, Jie Chen

    Multiple unmanned system cooperation is an important component of China’s new-generation artificial intelligence (AI) planning and it is a transformative technology for future national defense construction and social development of China. Although significant achievements have been made regarding the technological research and system integration of multiple unmanned system cooperation, research on AI security is still in its infancy. Promoting multiple unmanned system cooperation enables AI application and risk control. In this article, we propose a four-in-one strategy to promote the collaborative and secure development of multiple unmanned systems, investigate potential challenges and countermeasures for multiple unmanned system cooperation at the endogenous and derivative security levels, and propose several suggestions regarding the security of intelligent unmanned systems. Specifically, a national unmanned system verification platform should be established to promote the construction of talent teams; services need to be upgraded for the unmanned system industry to develop a new-generation AI security ecology; and the advantages of multiple unmanned system cooperation should be maximized to improve people’s livelihood.

  • Orginal Article
    Lei Gao, Yongquan Fu, Dongsheng Li, Xiangke Liao

    Artificial intelligence (AI) is an important enabling technology for promoting global digital development, and it is leading a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Promoting AI core software and hardware technologies and industry is strategically significant for the national development, industrial upgrading, and productivity improvement in China. In this study, we summarize the development status of AI core hardware and software in China and abroad from the aspects of technology, industry, and policy, and analyze the problems faced by China’s development. Subsequently, we present the development ideas of China’s AI hardware and software technology and industry, propose the strategic objectives for 2025 and 2035, and summarize the key tasks for future development from the aspects of AI core hardware, AI core software, and AI-related basic technology. To provide references for the sustainable development of AI core hardware and software in China, we suggest that AI core software and hardware technologies should be included in the national top-level planning for science and technology innovation to acquire increased scientific research investment; AI open source platforms should be constructed and demonstrated; the research and development of AI key generic technologies should be promoted to achieve collaborative innovation; the AI industrial base should be reengineered to upgrade the industrial chain; and the AI innovative talent training system should be improved.

  • Orginal Article
    Yan Jia, Binxing Fang, Aiping Li, Zhaoquan Gu

    Cyberspace is regarded as the fifth largest activity space following land, sea, air, and space. Protecting cyberspace security is a major issue related to national security, national sovereignty, and the legitimate rights and interests of the people. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and its application in various fields, cyberspace security has been facing new challenges. This study analyzes the new risks of cyberspace security in the era of AI, such as more intelligent network attacks, more frequent large-scale network attacks, higher concealment of network attacks, stronger confrontation game of network attacks, and easier exposure to stealing of important data. AI technology has significant advantages in dealing with massive data, multi-source heterogeneous data, and real-time dynamic data, which can significantly improve the defense capability of cyberspace. This study introduces some key problems and technologies of AI-enabled cyberspace security defense, particularly the construction of a cyberspace security knowledge brain and the detection of network attacks. Furthermore, we propose the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions from three aspects: the construction of a dynamic and scalable network secur security knowledge brain, the promotion of intelligent detection against network attacks, and the evaluation of AI technologies’ security.

  • Orginal Article
    Lu Liu, Xiaolei Yang, Wen Gao

    The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) industry is accompanied by various social ethical risks, and the consequences of these risks have gradually emerged. Allowing humans to securely enjoy the major benefits of AI technology has become an important task of AI supervision. In this article, we first analyze the focus issues of AI ethics, including the distribution of machine and human rights, social trust crisis of AI, security of data and algorithms, as well as confirmation of rights and attribution of liability. Subsequently, we summarize the development paths and policy status of AI industry in China and abroad, and analyze the demand for AI ethical supervision in China from multiple dimensions. Furthermore, we suggest that the supervision scope of AI should be extended in a staged manner based on the technical progress of AI. To create better global development opportunities for China’s AI industry, a multi-dimensional supervision framework that combines ethics, law, and policy should be established, a sufficient social discussion space should be provided for all stakeholders to participate in public discussion on AI security, scientific and technological ethics supervision organizations of multiple levels should be improved in an orderly manner, and China should actively participate in the formulation of AI international rules.

  • Orginal Article
    Shuming Peng, Jiawen Xia, Yiren Wang, Xianke Peng, Hongwen Huang, Chun Zheng, Wenjie Ding

    Nuclear safety is a key component of the national security system, and it is the foundation and lifeline of the nuclear industry. Advanced and reliable nuclear safety technology is crucial for maintaining and improving intrinsic safety. Therefore, conducting strategic research on nuclear safety technologies is important for enhancing the nuclear industry in China. In this article, we conduct an in-depth research on China’s nuclear safety technology system using methods including academician interviews, field surveys, conference discussion, and literature review. The results show that, guiding by the overall national security and the nuclear safety concepts, China’s nuclear safety technology has made significant progress in recent years and its nuclear safety performance is good. However, China’s nuclear safety technology system still face several bottleneck problems. For example, the nuclear safety standards system needs improvement, the overall planning of nuclear safety software research and development is insufficient, and the precision and advanced nuclear safety equipment still depends on foreign countries. To continuously modernize the nuclear safety governance system and governance capacities and strengthen China’s nuclear industry, several suggestions are proposed. First, the nuclear safety standards system should be further improved. Second, independent nuclear safety software with high quality should be promoted by coordinating scientific research resources to tackle key problems. Third, government, industry, university, research, and application need to be coordinated to research and develop high-end nuclear safety equipment.

  • Orginal Article
    Xiwei Ke, Ling Jiang, Junfu Lyu, Guangxi Yue

    With the pollutant emission standards becoming increasingly stringent and considering the pressure of carbon neutral by 2060, the low pollutant emission potential of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion technology needs to be further exploited, thus to promote the market competitiveness of CFB boilers; this is critical for the clean and efficient utilization of coal as well as for the energy transformation in China. In this article, we summarize the pollutant emission characteristics of CFB combustion, and review the development of major technologies for CFB boiler emission control. Based on the energy development strategies and corresponding policies in China, development suggestions are proposed for reducing pollutant emission of the CFB combustion technology. The most significant approach is to push the limits of original pollutant emission for CFB combustion by re-specifying the fluidization state and through in-furnace combustion adjustment, while the boiler thermal efficiency should be ensured. For the long-term development of coal energy, the new-generation CFB combustion technology with ultra-low emission should be researched and developed while combining with technologies such as supercritical/ultra-supercritical, intelligent operation, carbon capture, utilization, and storage, and energy storage technologies. The existing CFB boilers with small or medium capacity should also be upgraded. Considering the fuel flexibility of CFB combustion, biomass power generation should be promoted to realize low-cost and high-efficiency consumption of low-heat value fuels, urban refuse, industrial wastes, etc. The peak load regulation capacity and low pollutant emission property of the CFB boilers should be promoted to improve operation flexibility and renewable energy consumption. Moreover, the desulphurization ash produced in CFB combustion should be comprehensively utilized, and the N2O emission problem is also significant. The pollutant emission standards and related policies need to be formulated from an overall perspective to guide the healthy development of the energy industry.

  • Orginal Article
    Yongnan Zhu, Jian Su, Jianhua Wang, Guoxin Li, He Liu, Guohua He, Shan Jiang, Guosheng Zhang, Jianguo Ma

    Western China is an important area for increasing oil and gas reserves and production in China, and it is also the most arid and water-deficient area in the country; there is a complex linkage between energy and water resources in this region. Hence, it is important to promote the coordinated management of energy and water resources. In this article, we review the prospects and deployment of oil and gas production in Western China, investigate the development mode and water utilization status of different oil and gas fields from seven companies of China National Petroleum Corporation in Western China, and analyze the guarantee risks of water resource and water environment during gas and oil development. The research shows that oil and gas production has steadily increased in Western China in recent years, and the consumption of fresh water in oil and gas fields has changed little, owing to the continuous improvement in sewage treatment and recycling efficiency. However, considering the progressive development of unconventional oil and gas resources, future oil and gas development in Western China is likely to significantly affect the surface and underground water systems. It is suggested to develop precise water injection and waterless fracturing technology to stabilize oil production and control water use, increase the recycling of produced water to strengthen scientific water management, and improve the comprehensive allocation guarantee system of water resources, so as to reduce the impact of oil and gas development on water system while ensuring water use security for energy industry, thereby realizing the coordinated development of energy and water resources in Western China.

  • Orginal Article
    Yongwen Zhu, Zhijie Chen, Fan Pu, Jialong Wang

    The development of smart space and its technical system has expanded the traditional cognition of physical space-time domain. Time and space are essentially integrated and continuous, and they overlap with the information space. The organic integration of the space-time domain with the information space can enable information technology to further its control over the physical space. To address the problems of and needs for airspace management, we propose a digital airspace system and construct a four-dimensional air traffic space-time framework in a physical–information fusion space, realizing the digital reconstruction of airspace management. Furthermore, a set of control theories and methods for digital airspace management is developed. Large-scale computing technology is utilized for analyzing the operating structure and control mode of the digital airspace system, also for decision making and use configuration, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for the coordination of airspace, air traffic flow, and air traffic control. Moreover, we propose suggestions for the development of the digital airspace system in China. A national plan for airspace system development should be formulated to coordinate the civil and military air traffic infrastructure construction. The scientific and technological innovation mechanism should be improved to build an innovation platform for the national airspace system. The overall coordination and resource integration of air traffic control innovation should be strengthened to improve the research and innovation plan for airspace management.

  • Orginal Article
    Guijie Shi, Jiaguo Feng, Meize Kang, Zhengyi Zhang, Yuan Liu

    Polar offshore engineering equipment provides a major platform and symbolizes the strength of China to participate in Arctic offshore oil and gas development. Currently, the design, construction, and support capacities of China’s polar offshore engineering equipment are not internationally recognized, which does not match with the large shipbuilding sector of China. In this article, we analyze the development demand for polar offshore engineering equipment in China, present the application status of these equipment, investigate the key technologies, and summarize the existing problems regarding these equipment in China. Furthermore, we propose the establishment of a research and application innovation project of common key technologies for Arctic offshore oil and gas exploration and development, an international research and development center for polar offshore oil and gas engineering technologies, and a China–Russia Arctic energy joint venture company. This study centers on the coordination of the Arctic development and environmental protection capabilities, and aims to provide a reference for developing the polar offshore engineering equipment in China and provide guidance for China’s participation in Arctic oil and gas development.

  • Orginal Article
    Zongwei Liu, Haokun Song, Han Hao, Fuquan Zhao

    The new-generation smart vehicles are intelligent network terminals that integrate smart vehicle, smart transportation, smart city, and smart energy (i.e., 4S integration). They move flexibly to connect the flow of people, materials, energy, and information of a city, and have more strategic values than traditional vehicles. This study aims to clarify the significance in developing the newgeneration smart vehicles based on 4S integration, determine the technology path for the innovative development of the new-generation smart vehicle industry, and establish a novel technology system by summarizing relevant key technologies. The new-generation smart vehicles based on 4S integration is an upgrade of smart vehicles in terms of value, function, and technology. China should select a smart vehicle technology path considering vehicle infrastructure cooperation to acquire the leadership in scientific and technological innovation. To establish the technology system of the new-generation smart vehicles based on 4S integration, the automation and connectivity levels of vehicles should be coordinated simultaneously, and common basic technologies such as big data, cloud computing, information, and communications should be promoted, together with the core key technologies related to vehicles, roads, and cloud. Furthermore, we propose suggestions from the aspects of top-level design, industrial integration, technological innovation, and practical implementation, hoping to provide theoretical references for long-term development of China’s smart vehicle industry.

  • Orginal Article
    Wei Wang, De Zhao, Xuedong Hua, Wei Zhou

    Developing a localized virtual urban transportation system (VUTS) and a decision support mode for transportation development is significant for solving the increasingly severe urban traffic problems caused by rapid urbanization and for overcoming the current bottlenecks that restrain the intelligent transportation system development. Based on the advanced information technologies such as big data and Internet technologies, this study establishes a VUTS that is composed of four parts: basic databases, analysis models, software platforms, and alternative plans; the theoretic framework, systematic functions, and technical system of the VUTS are analyzed. Furthermore, a decision support mode for transportation development is proposed; it covers the application scenarios including urban land development, traffic facilities construction, traffic operation control, public transport operation, and traffic policy making. Subsequently, we built the VUTS of Chongqing and provided plans for the municipal government regarding its decision on shifting peaks for residents and vehicles during the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic. The case results suggest that the decision support mode based on VUTS is effective in the demonstration of traffic plans. Therefore, we suggest that China attach importance to the VUIS and its application in urban traffic planning and management and incorporate new information technologies to optimize the application effects.