2008年, 第10卷, 第3期 刊出日期:2024-07-01
    

  • 全选
  • Huang Chongqi
    2008, 10(3): 2-11.
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    The copper consumption by the Chinese Cable Industry amounted to 3.54 million tons in 2006, taking over 70% of the total copper consumption in China in that year. At present, making copper rod directly from recovered scrap copper and saving copper with aluminium have become topics of general interests in the Chinese Cable Industry. The quality of the copper conductors in the Industry is declining, resulting in sharp decrease in the rate of qualified wire and cable products. More and more copper wires are drawn from the rods made directly from scrap copper. The manufacturers know well some of the wires or rods are unqualified products though, they continue to use or produce products not complying with standards in order to make profits. Now the consumption of copper-clad-aluminum and copper-clad-steel is growing gradually. In 2006, the consumption of copper-clad-aluminum in China amounted to ca. 50 000 tons. But in some applications, neither the common understanding between buyer and supplier nor the results of feasibility study are achieved in the product orientation and technical/economic feasibility in terms of saving copper with aluminium. This paper presents the status-quo, problems arisen and suggestions in terms of making copper rod directly from recovered scrap copper and saving copper with aluminium, in a view to promote these two topics of general interests to go toward a virtuous circle.
  • 殷瑞钰
    2008, 10(3): 4-8.
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    通过历史唯物史观的考察,指出工程是在人类生存、发展过程中的一项基本实践活动,工程在不同历史时期一直是直接生产力。工程活动是先于科学活动出现的。研究认为,有关自然的知识和活动应分为科学、技术、工程三元,科学活动的主要特征是“探索”、“发现”,技术活动的主要特征是“发明”、“创新”,工程活动的主要特征是“集成”、“构建”。从现代知识意义上看,“科学—技术—工程—产业”之间存在相关的知识链(知识网络),工程与产业的关系更直接、更紧密。工程是人类为了维持生存、繁衍和发展,为了建设家园及美好地生活而进行的实践活动,是人类智慧的凝聚和所追求理想的一种体现。从哲学视野看,工程活动的成果往往体现为构筑一个新的存在物,即在一定边界条件下优化构建起来的集成体。工程集成包涵了诸多技术要素的集成,也包括了技术要素与经济、社会、管理等方面的基本要素在一定条件下的优化—集成。在新世纪的背景条件下工程是创新活动的重要领域,也应是哲学思考的新领域,哲学的超越和工程的超越存在着诸多“交集”和“并集”,因而,工程需要哲学,哲学要面向工程,工程界与哲学界互动,是中国工程哲学兴起的特点。

  • 何继善,王孟钧
    2008, 10(3): 9-12.
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    当前,我国正处于经济建设快速发展时期,许多重大工程相继建成并投入使用,凸现工程活动的重要地位和工程管理的巨大作用,标志着我国已经进入工程时代。工程时代呼唤工程哲学,工程建设管理活动离不开哲学思想指导,大力开展工程哲学研究既是哲学发展的必然,又是时代的迫切要求。文章在分析工程哲学的形成、发展及主要研究内容的基础上,提出了工程的哲学内涵与本质:物质性、变化性和时空性,进而对工程管理的理念、价值观、方法论、组织与创新等方面的哲学内涵进行了探讨,以促进我国工程管理理论的发展和管理水平的提高。

  • Geng Zhixiu
    2008, 10(3): 12-26.
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    Datong-Qinhuangdao line, as the first electrified double-track heavy-haul line dedicated to coal transport in China, extends from Beitongpu line in the west, and reaches Qinhuangdao in the east, opened to traffic in Dec., 1992, totaling 653km with the designed annual traffic volume of 1×108t. In order to meet the demands of national economic development, the transport capacity of the line must be enhanced greatly. Depending on independent innovation, MOR,for the first time in the world,realizes the integration between GSM-R and Locotrol, the integration between 800MHz digital radio and Locotrol, and the integration between a single set of Locotrol and SS4 locomotive. Meanwhile, CR develops equipment portfolio for heavy-haul through combining 2 high power locomotives of Harmony Series with controllable EOT (End of Train). Relying on integration and innovation, it succeeds in operating 20kt-level combined heavy-haul train on Datong-Qinhuangdao line, which triples the annual traffic volume of the line from 1×108 t in 2002 to 3×108 t in 2007.
  • 李伯聪
    2008, 10(3): 13-16.
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    科学哲学和技术哲学都是首先在欧美国家兴起的,可是,工程哲学却是于21世纪之初在中国和欧美发达国家同时兴起和基本同步发展的。文章简要介绍了2002年以来工程哲学在中国和欧美国家发展的重要事件和已经发表的重要著作,最后,简要评论了东、西方工程哲学发展的主要特点。

  • 汪应洛
    2008, 10(3): 17-20.
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    当代工程观反映了当代工程科学和工程技术与社会、经济、文化、生态交叉融合、协调构建的新趋势,对于开展工程教育和培养中国现代化建设的工程人才有重要意义。文章分析了在当代学科交叉渗透的趋势下当代工程观的基本内容;探讨了传统工程教育中的存在过分强调科学理性和技术理性的问题;提出了以综合理性为主导,融合当代工程观的当代工程教育理念。

  • 王玉普
    2008, 10(3): 21-24.
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    “十五”期间,大庆油田积极采用工程哲学思想指导勘探工作,取得了新突破,并获得了四点新启示:认识来源于实践,实践的局限又会造成认识的局限,发展地看待历史结论才能实现大突破;勘探的风险是客观存在的,同时机遇也是并存的,辩证地解决好这一矛盾才能获得大发现;找油能力是生产力,组织管理是生产关系,生产关系适应生产力才能促进勘探工作大发展;勘探思想的解放是内因和基础,勘探技术的发展是外因和条件,外因通过内因起作用才能发生质变。大庆油田“两项识别技术”的创新和“三项工程技术”的发展,为勘探发现提供了有力支撑。

  • 郭宝柱
    2008, 10(3): 25-30.
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    大型复杂技术项目的管理者面对着两个重要的系统,即被研制的工程系统和项目所处的组织机构系统(包括项目团队)。系统工程是成功实现工程系统的方法和技术,它综合多种专业技术,通过分析、综合、试验和评价的反复迭代过程,开发出一个整体性能优化的系统。社会组织系统是开放的复杂巨系统。组织机构的整体能力对大型复杂技术项目管理和系统工程方法的效能具有决定性的影响。必须在组织机构管理中强调系统的观点和方法,核心问题是如何发挥人的积极性、形成强大的群体创造力。这正是系统复杂性研究中揭示系统微观因素对宏观规律的影响机制问题。

  • Zhang Fuxue
    2008, 10(3): 27-30.
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    In order to find out the influence of the instability of angular velocity of the rotating carrier itself on the stability of silicon micromachined gyroscope, the digital model for relative error of the high and low damping gyroscope’s output signal is given respectively, based on the motion equations of the silicon micromachined gyroscope. Theory proved that the output signal error of the silicon micromachined sensor is mainly caused by the instability of damping factor and the angular velocity of the rotating carrier itself. The result of experimentation indicates that the error of proportionality coefficient of output voltage which caused by the instability of the angular velocity of the rotating carrier itself reaches to 4.1 per cent. Theoretical demonstration and experimental verification show that the instability of angular velocity of the rotating carrier itself has an important effect on the stability of low damping silicon micromachined gyroscope.
  • 耿志修
    2008, 10(3): 31-43.
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    大秦线是我国第一条双线重载电气化运煤专线,西起北同蒲线,东至秦皇岛,全长653 km,设计运量为1×108 t/a,于1992年12月通车。为满足国民经济发展的要求,须尽快大幅度提高大秦线的运输能力。铁道部依靠自主创新,首次实现了GSM-R技术与Locotrol技术的结合,800 MHz数据电台与Locotrol技术的结合,单套Locotrol系统与SS4机车的结合,以及2台和谐型大功率机车加可控列尾的创新方式,开发了重载配套装备,通过集成创新,使大秦线开行20 kt级重载组合列车获得成功,年运量由2002年的1×108 t提高到2007年的3×108 t,是原设计能力的3倍。

  • Hu Dongsheng,Pang Xilei,Zhang Huajing,Xu Bing,Yu Xuefeng,Tian Xinhong,An Zhisheng,Zhang Guowei
    2008, 10(3): 37-44.
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    Using earth satellite observation means, remote sensing information distilled technique and regional research production. we have roundly analyzed and made an integrated evaluation about the Lop-Nur nuclear test field in western China. This product reveals the rarely-known nuke explosion effect and response events of geology conditions. It also offers us legible and practical first-hand materials about human extreme effects, important engineering environment and intimidating influence process. By excavating and appraising the materials gradually on the natural environment factors changing in the test field through macroscopic elimination and typical filtration, it can supply basic scientific data for security of national nuclear usage, appraising the nuclear environment synthetically and developing nuclear strategy expediently.
  • 阙为民,王海峰,牛玉清,张飞凤,谷万成
    2008, 10(3): 44-53.
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    对中国铀矿采冶工业的发展作了全面的回顾,重点介绍了中国铀矿地浸、堆浸、原地爆破浸出技术的研究进展与应用水平;在对中国铀矿采冶形势和存在的问题分析的基础上,结合矿床资源的特点,指出了中国铀矿采冶技术发展的方向。21世纪中国铀矿冶工业面临新的发展机遇和挑战,只有开发新的采、选、冶技术,提高铀资源的利用水平,减少铀矿采冶对环境的影响,才能实现铀矿冶的可持续发展和经济与环境的协调发展。

  • Jiang Hongkui,Lu Shuang
    2008, 10(3): 45-51.
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    Dip-Pen Nanolithography is a new scanning probe lithography (SPL) technique based on atomic force microscopy (AFM), and now has made a great progress. The process of dip pen lithography involves the adsorption of ink molecules on AFM tip, the formation of water meniscus, the transport of ink molecules, and diffusion of ink molecules on the substrate. More factors such as temperature, humidity, tip, scanning speed and so on will influence the process of dip pen lithography. The paper analyzed in detail the mechanism of this technique, introduced synthetically the latest development, including Electrochemical DPN, more –mode DPN, multiple DPN, multi-probe array DPN and so on. Finally, the paper described the characteristics and the application of DPN.
  • Kong Dejun,Zhang Yongkang,Zhu Hailin,Lu Jinzhong,Feng Aixin,Wang Wei
    2008, 10(3): 52-56.
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    Mechanical effects of laser thermal stress is a new manufacturing technology, which is made use of thermal stress by high power laser acted on the surface of metal material to generate stress field. The technologies such as formation by laser thermal stress, measurement by laser scratch, measurement by XRD and so on are formed based on mechanics effects of laser thermal stress. The mechanisms of formation by laser thermal stress, measurement by laser scratch and measurement by XRD are analyzed. The theory of photo-mechanics manufacturing based on laser thermal stress is originally put forward whose experiment is primitively researched, and the manufacturing theory by mechanics effects of laser thermal stress is established.
  • 濮继龙
    2008, 10(3): 54-57.
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    介绍了目前正在建设的岭澳核电站(二期)和辽宁红沿河核电站所采用技术——CPR1000的形成过程及其中的重要技术创新点。

  • Zhong Maohua,Fu Tairan,Hu Zhongbin
    2008, 10(3): 57-63.
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    Carry out the practical investigations of coal field fire and study its effects to area climate change are a key aspect in research of evaluating the natural disasters. In this paper, we select Xinjiang’s coal field as the investigated area. Through a series of field surveys in Xinjiang, we make the small-scale area analysis of coal field based on the thermal radiation information, and present the reasonable evaluation of thermal anomaly conditions of Xinjiang’s coal field arising from coal self-ignition fires. The results show that the method of small-scale area analysis is available for examining the extinguished actuality of coal fires and detecting newly developed fire spots. Simultaneously, for active coal field fires, it will determine the rough fires range and provide quantitative and ground references for extinguish engineering.
  • 王驹
    2008, 10(3): 58-65.
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    随着我国核能事业的飞速发展,高水平放射性废物的处理和处置,即将成为一个重大的安全和环保问题。在介绍国内外进展的基础上,重点讨论了高放废物地质处置面临的挑战:处置库场址地质演化的精确预测、深部地质环境特征、多场耦合条件下(中(高)温、应力作用、水力作用、化学作用、生物作用和辐射作用等)深部岩体、地下水和工程材料的行为、低浓度超铀放射性核素的地球化学行为与随地下水迁移行为及处置系统的安全评价。

  • Zhang Daobing,Luo Yixin,Zhu Chuanqu
    2008, 10(3): 64-68.
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    Based on the features of the serious deformation of coal roadway、many random variables of the mechanics of the surrounding rocks and the influence of mining, the reliability analysis model of the support structure of coal roadway under the influence of mining is established,and the calculating formulas of reliability of the support structure is obtained with the engineering structure reliability theory. And the reliability is calculated based on the method of Monte-carlo to the coal roadway which is exampled on the influence of mining or not. The relationship between support parameters and reliability, the mining influence coefficients and reliability is established, which provides theory foundations for the design of the coal roadway bolt support.
  • 赵志祥,夏海鸿
    2008, 10(3): 66-72.
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    核废物最少化是核裂变能可持续发展的关键问题。加速器驱动次临界系统(ADS)是一种高效的核废物嬗变器(或焚烧炉),是解决核废物的关键技术。文章主要介绍了ADS的基本原理及其对先进加速器、先进冷却性技术等方面的带动作用,并对各国ADS的研究现状进行了比较,最后提出了ADS发展必须解决的关键问题及其与国内核能发展的关系。

  • Li Rujiang,Shen Zhaowu
    2008, 10(3): 69-71.
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    There are two interaction mechanisms between shaped charge jet and the thin flying plate driven by explosion, that is, the intermittent and continuous disturbance. Determination of the transition criteria for the intermittent and continuous disturbance is of importance for the penetration calculation of the escaping jet and the design of ERA. In this paper a new criteria is presented based on the analysis of interaction process, and the effects of NATO angle and the thickness of flying plate on the disturbance frequency are discussed. It is shown that the critical shaped charge jet velocity increases with the plate thickness and NATO angle, especially increases drastically between 450 and 600.
  • Zhu Mei,Xu Xianzhi,Song Hui,Li Fen
    2008, 10(3): 72-75.
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    Electric bikes powered by lead-acid batteries have developed very fast for several years in China. Because the inconvenience caused by the service performance and the inconsistency to the environmental protection policy of the lead-acid battery, the zinc-air power battery was proposed to solve the problem in this paper. The advantage and the feasibility of developing zinc-air power batteries in China have been illustrated in the paper. And, it is represented that development of electric bikes powered by the zinc-air power battery also can accelerate this kind of battery’s development in other electric vehicles, which is favorable to economic development and environmental protection.
  • 中核集团秦山第三核电有限公司
    2008, 10(3): 73-86.
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    秦山三期重水堆核电站是我国首座商用重水堆核电站,也是中国和加拿大两国政府间迄今最大的贸易项目。业主秦山第三核电有限公司在工程建设、调试及自主运行的过程中,坚持自主创新管理,有效实施工程质量、进度和投资三大控制;并在消化吸收CANDU-6技术的基础上进行改进,提高机组的安全性和可靠性。工程的建设实践,使我国核电工程管理在已有的基础上,基本实现了程序化、信息化的规范管理并与国际接轨。工程建成后,在保证机组安全稳定运行的基础上又进行了多项技术改进和创新,使机组性能持续提高。在人才培养方面,注重培育企业文化,强化人员培训,建立起员工培训与工程建设互相促进的良性循环机制。秦山三期工程在核电项目管理水平的提高和发展,可为推动我国核电发展和大型引进工程的规范化管理提供借鉴。

  • Tang Xiaosong,Zheng Yingren,Shi Weimin
    2008, 10(3): 76-84.
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    In most cases, the slope stability of reservoir bank is analyzed on the premise that the location of phreatic surface is obtained. But many designers generalize a line as the phreatic surface through their experience to analyze the stability, which is unsafe in the project. To find a solution to the phreatic surface which is convenient to put into use and in accordance with the practice, the article, based on Boussinesq equation, infers analytic solutions suitable to the water level at different ratio and achieves the expression of analytic solution through fitting curves. The correctness of the expression is also proved by the experiments of sand and sand-clay models and the inaccuracy of empirical generalization is analyzed quantitatively. The calculation results show that the inaccuracy through the method of experiential generalizing is so large that the designers should be awake to it.
  • Luan Yinghong,Li Yuehua,Luo Lei
    2008, 10(3): 85-89.
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    针对交流毫米波辐射信号丢失部分低频分量的缺陷,使用RVM算法在交流毫米波辐射信号的DCT变换域补偿出丢失的成分,再通过IDCT变换即可获得补偿的交流毫米波辐射信号。RVM使用贝叶斯方法推理,推广能力好,与支持向量机相比解更为稀疏,这些保证了RVM算法具有良好的预测能力。实验结果也显示本方法可以获得良好的补偿效果。
  • 卓宝熙
    2008, 10(3): 87-92.
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    简要介绍了工程选线、选址勘测中遥感技术的应用概况;阐述了工程地质遥感技术应用的特点,认为工程地质遥感技术应用有别于其他领域;强调了我国工程地质遥感技术应用与其他国家不同,形成了我国自己的应用特点,这些特点是由我国国情决定的;探讨了工程地质遥感技术应用的若干问题,包括遥感图像判释,遥感图像处理、数据综合分析、施工阶段遥感技术应用等。

  • Li Zhizhang,Li Yanjun
    2008, 10(3): 90-92.
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    It is demonstrated that a low grade, silver containing manganese deposit can be exploited by reaction with a ZnS concentrate. In the process Mn(IV) is reduced to Mn(II) and the ZnS converted to ZnSO4. In the process Mn and Zn are solubilized. By studying the effects of quantity of reducing agent and sulfuric acid added and of time, temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio on the leaching process, the optimum technological conditions have been achieved under which the amount of manganese leached was 98%. The silver can be removed from remaining solids by adding ammonia liquor. By then adding hydrazine hydrate, sponge silver with purity up to 99% can be obtained with a recovery of 87%.
  • Li Junjian,Jiang Hanqiao,Gao Huimei,He Yingfu
    2008, 10(3): 93-96.
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    Tight gas reservoirs are typical stress sensitive media with threshold pressure because of the high irreducible water saturation. Under the assumption that permeability varies with experimental law of the pseudo pressure drop, according to concepts of perturbable ellipses and equivalent developing regulations, the calculation method of stable production of hydraulically fractured gas well in low permeability reservoirs is investigated with threshold pressure. And productivity curve is drawn and analyzed. The result shows that, permeability modulus and threshold pressure have effect on production of fractured gas well. The higher the permeability modulus and the threshold pressure, the lower the production is. Therefore, the impact of stress sensitive and threshold pressure must be considered when analyzing the productivity of vertical fracture well in low permeability gas reservoir.