An air–ground collaborative multi-modal intelligent robot system can adapt to air and ground environments, has multimodal characteristic and advanced intelligence, and is able to complete complex tasks. The system has broad application prospects in various fields of society and is a new driving force for global technological, social, and economic development. Considering the major demand for developing the air–ground collaborative multi-modal intelligent robot system in China, this study comprehensively analyzes the development status of the system in China and abroad and the existing problems in China. China currently lags behind the international advanced level in terms of the air–ground collaborative intelligent robot system development; however, it still has the opportunity to achieve the advanced level as the system is still developing in its infancy in countries worldwide. The system involves theories, key technologies, core components and units, platforms, system equipment, and system applications and aims to build related technical system, core component industry system, intelligent robot equipment system, and social applications. Moreover, we propose the development layout, roadmap, and suggestions for the development of the system. Research shows that the air–ground collaborative multi-modal intelligent robot system can be integrated into the future smart society in all aspects and be applied to fields such as smart medical, education, housing, transportation, and manufacturing, to contribute to the national economy and people’s livelihood.