SLEEP–WAKE: A Comprehensive Mnemonic for Systematic Screening of Sleep-Related Issues

Keywords

assessment / child / pediatric sleep / sleep screener / tool

References

[1] K. Spruyt, “A Review of Developmental Consequences of Poor Sleep in Childhood,” Sleep Medicine 60 (2019): 3–12.

[2] S.-H. Wang, K.-L. Lin, C.-L. Chen, et al., “Sleep Problems During Early and Late Infancy: Diverse Impacts on Child Development Trajectories Across Multiple Domains,” Sleep Medicine 115 (2024): 177–186.

[3] G. Alrousan, A. Hassan, A. A. Pillai, F. Atrooz, and S. Salim, “Early Life Sleep Deprivation and Brain Development: Insights From Human and Animal Studies,” Frontiers in Neuroscience 16 (2022): 833786.

[4] L. Matricciani, C. Paquet, B. Galland, M. Short, and T. Olds, “Children’s Sleep and Health: A Meta-Review,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 46 (2019): 136–150.

[5] K. Spruyt, “Neurocognitive Effects of Sleep Disruption in Children and Adolescents,” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 30, no. 1 (2021): 27–45.

[6] A. Weighall and I. Kellar, “Sleep and Memory Consolidation in Healthy, Neurotypical Children, and Adults: A Summary of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses,” Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 7, no. 5 (2023): 513–524.

[7] G. Sesso, F. Guccione, S. Pisano, et al., “Emotional Dysregulation and Sleep Problems: A Transdiagnostic Approach in Youth,” Clinical PracticeClinics and Practice 14, no. 3 (2024): 934–945.

[8] K. Spruyt, C. U. Alaribe, and O. U. Nwabara, “Daily Dynamics in Sleep and Behavior of Young African-American Children: A Convoluted Dyad?,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 99 (2016): 57–66.

[9] K. Spruyt, “Editorial: Sleep in Children With Rare Disorders: Having a Sleep Problem Is Not That Rare,” Frontiers in Neurology 13 (2022): 1070414.

[10] O. Bruni, M. Breda, V. Mammarella, M. P. Mogavero, and R. Ferri, “Sleep and Circadian Disturbances in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders,” Nature Reviews Neurology 21, no. 2 (2025): 103–120.

[11] D. Kamara and T. P. Beauchaine, “A Review of Sleep Disturbances Among Infants and Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders,” Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7, no. 3 (2020): 278–294.

[12] M. Hirshkowitz, K. Whiton, S. M. Albert, et al., “National Sleep Foundation’s Updated Sleep Duration Recommendations: Final Report,” Sleep Health 1, no. 4 (2015): 233–243.

[13] S. Paruthi, L. J. Brooks, C. D’Ambrosio, et al., “Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for Healthy Children: Methodology and Discussion,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 12, no. 11 (2016): 1549–1561.

[14] L. A. Matricciani, T. S. Olds, S. Blunden, G. Rigney, and M. T. Williams, “Never Enough Sleep: A Brief History of Sleep Recommendations for Children,” Pediatrics 129, no. 3 (2012): 548–556.

[15] O. Bruni, M. Angriman, S. Miano, et al., “Individualized Approaches to Pediatric Chronic Insomnia: Advancing Precision Medicine in Sleep Disorders,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 76 (2024): 101946.

[16] C. L. Marcus, L. J. Brooks, S. D. Ward, et al., “Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome,” Pediatrics 130, no. 3 (2012): e714–e755.

[17] T. Sen and K. Spruyt, “Pediatric Sleep Tools: An Updated Literature Review,” Frontiers in Psychiatry 11 (2020): 317.

[18] K. Spruyt and D. Gozal, “Pediatric Sleep Questionnaires as Diagnostic or Epidemiological Tools: A Review of Currently Available Instruments,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 15, no. 1 (2011): 19–32.

[19] C. González Barral and L. Servais, “Wearable Sensors in Paediatric Neurology,” Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology n/a, no. n/a (2025): e84.

[20] D. Desai, A. Momin, P. Hirpara, H. Jha, R. Thaker, and J. Patel, “Exploring the Role of Circadian Rhythms in Sleep and Recovery: A Review Article,” Cureus 16, no. 6 (2024): e61568.

[21] T. L. Sletten, M. D. Weaver, R. G. Foster, et al., “The Importance of Sleep Regularity: A Consensus Statement of the National Sleep Foundation Sleep Timing and Variability Panel,” Sleep Health 9, no. 6 (2023): 801–820.

[22] K. Spruyt, D. L. Molfese, and D. Gozal, “Sleep Duration, Sleep Regularity, Body Weight, and Metabolic Homeostasis in School-Aged Children,” Pediatrics 127, no. 2 (2011): e345–e352.

[23] G. M. Mathew, D. A. Reichenberger, L. Master, O. M. Buxton, A. M. Chang, and L. Hale, “Actigraphic Sleep Dimensions and Associations With Academic Functioning Among Adolescents,” Sleep 47, no. 7 (2024): zsae062.

[24] K. Spruyt, C. U. Alaribe, and O. U. Nwabara, “To Sleep or Not to Sleep: A Repeated Daily Challenge for African American Children,” CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics 21, no. 1 (2015): 23–31.

[25] K. Wilhite, B. Booker, B. H. Huang, et al., “Combinations of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep Duration and Their Associations With Physical, Psychological, and Educational Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review,” American Journal of Epidemiology 192, no. 4 (2023): 665–679.

[26] R. Gruber and G. Gauthier-Gagné, “Impact of Light and Temperature on Sleep in Children and Adolescents,” Encyclopedia of sleep and circadian rhythms (2023): 598–620.

[27] E. J. Ricketts, D. S. Joyce, A. J. Rissman, et al., “Electric Lighting, Adolescent Sleep and Circadian Outcomes, and Recommendations for Improving Light Health,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 64 (2022): 101667.

[28] J. Boergers and D. Koinis-Mitchell, “Sleep and Culture in Children With Medical Conditions,” Journal of Pediatric Psychology 35, no. 9 (2010): 915–926.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2025 The Author(s). Pediatric Discovery published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.