VqMAPK3/VqMAPK6, VqWRKY33, and VqNSTS3 constitute a regulatory node in enhancing resistance to powdery mildew in grapevine

Abstract

Grapevine powdery mildew is caused by Erysiphe necator, which seriously harms grape production in the world. Stilbene synthase makes phytoalexins that contribute to the resistance of grapevine against powdery mildew. A novel VqNSTS3 was identified and cloned from Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis accession Danfeng-2. The novel VqNSTS3 was transferred into susceptible ‘Thompson Seedless’ by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgenic plants showed resistance to the disease and activated other resistance-related genes. VqNSTS3 expression in grapevine is regulated by VqWRKY33, and which binds to TTGACC in the VqNSTS3 promoter. Furthermore, VqWRKY33 was phosphorylated by VqMAPK3/VqMAPK6 and thus led to enhanced signal transduction and increased VqNSTS3 expression. ProVqNSTS3::VqNSTS3-GFP of transgenic VqNSTS3 in Arabidopsis thaliana was observed to move to and wrap the pathogen’s haustoria and block invasion by Golovinomyces cichoracearum. These results demonstrate that stilbene accumulation of novel VqNSTS3 of the Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis accession Danfeng-2 prevented pathogen invasion and enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Therefore, VqNSTS3 can be used in generating powdery mildew-resistant grapevines.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Cambridge Proofreading Company for editing the text language. The research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 32272667).

Author contributions

Y.W. designed the research. R.L. analyzed Danfeng-2-specific novel transcripts and obtained six new stilbene synthase gene transcripts. C.Y. cloned six new STS genes, analyzed the gene structure and function, transiently transformed the new STS genes to tobacco and determined the expression of stilbenes. W.L. and C.Y. carried out the experiments, and W.L. analyzed the data. G.C. and X.W. helped with the experimental work. Y.W., C.Z., Y.X., and X.W. revised the manuscript. W.L. wrote and Y.W. reviewed and revised the manuscript.

Data availability

All relevant data can be found within the manuscript and its supporting information.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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