Genome-wide association study of 23 flowering phenology traits and 4 floral agronomic traits in tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) reveals five genes known to regulate flowering time

Abstract

Tree peony is a unique traditional flower in China, with large, fragrant, and colorful flowers. However, a relatively short and concentrated flowering period limits the applications and production of tree peony. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to accelerate molecular breeding for the improvement of flowering phenology traits and ornamental phenotypes in tree peony. A diverse panel of 451 tree peony accessions was phenotyped for 23 flowering phenology traits and 4 floral agronomic traits over 3 years. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was used to obtain a large number of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (107 050) for the panel genotypes, and 1047 candidate genes were identified by association mapping. Eighty-two related genes were observed during at least 2 years for flowering, and seven SNPs repeatedly identified for multiple flowering phenology traits over multiple years were highly significantly associated with five genes known to regulate flowering time. We validated the temporal expression profiles of these candidate genes and highlighted their possible roles in the regulation of flower bud differentiation and flowering time in tree peony. This study shows that GWAS based on GBS can be used to identify the genetic determinants of complex traits in tree peony. The results expand our understanding of flowering time control in perennial woody plants. Identification of markers closely related to these flowering phenology traits can be used in tree peony breeding programs for important agronomic traits.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1804233), the Innovation Scientists and Technicians Troop Construction Projects of Henan Province (202101510003), and the Outstanding Youth Fund of the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (202300410119).

Author contributions

Y.Y.L. contributed to material preparation, phenotype investigation, methodology, data curation, writing, reviewing, and editing. L.L.G. contributed to material preparation, methodology, data curation, writing, reviewing, and editing. Z.Y.W. contributed to the phenotype investigation. D.H.Z. and D.L.G. contributed to data curation. W.L.Y. contributed to manuscript reviewing and editing. J.E.C. contributed to manuscript reviewing and language embellishment. X.G.H. contributed to the conceptualization, experimental design, supervision and funding acquisition.

Data availability

Raw sequencing reads relative to the GBS experiment of all tree peony germplasm resources reported in this study have been deposited into the Genome Sequence Archive (GSA) under the accession number CRA007681.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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