Middle Cambrian convergence at the southwestern Baltica margin, Holy Cross Mts., Poland, and its significance for reconstructions of early Gondwana

Abstract

The western periphery of Baltica has traditionally been viewed as a passive continental margin formed during the fragmentation of Rodinia and the opening of the Iapetus and Tornquist Oceans. This view is supported by the Volyn Large Igneous Province (VLIP) of Ediacaran age in Eastern Europe, which may be associated with break-up and evolution of the Tornquist Ocean. However, in western Ukraine, the sedimentary succession overlying the VLIP contains latest Ediacaran to early Cambrian detrital zircon with mixed ε_Hf(t) values that can be interpreted to reflect deposition in a convergent margin setting with input from a continental volcanic arc. To investigate the potential convergent tectonic setting along SW Baltica during the Ediacaran to Cambrian transition, we conducted research in the Holy Cross Mts. (HCM), Poland. Here, tightly folded, and low-grade metamorphosed slates are unconformably overlain by Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian) sedimentary rocks. We applied ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology on white mica defining cleavage in lower Cambrian rocks and U-Pb geochronology on detrital zircons to constrain the timing of the deformation. Our samples show similar populations of detrital zircons, with affinities to regions within or on the outskirts of Baltica. For all Cambrian samples, the calculated maximum depositional age is close to their stratigraphic age, suggesting rapid deposition in an active tectonic setting. The ε_Hf(t) values range from −18 to +12, indicating significant mixing of mantle-derived magmas with mature crustal material typical of continental magmatic arc systems. Single-grain fusion ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology on white mica yielded two populations of weighted average ages of 537 ± 1 Ma and 510 ± 4.4 Ma, interpreted as a detrital white mica population and the maximum approximation of the age of post-depositional early to middle Cambrian deformation, respectively. The similarities in zircon populations and isotopic compositions between Cambrian sediments of the HCM and those from Ukraine, suggest that both areas were sourced from a continental arc on the Baltica margin, above a subduction zone consuming Neoproterozoic Mirovoi Ocean crust. This arc is likely an equivalent to the Cadomian Arc on the opposite side of the ocean.

Keywords

Detrital zircon geochronology / Lu-Hf isotopes / ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology / Paleogeography / South-west Baltica

References

A. Andresen, N.Y. Agyei-Dwarko, M. Kristoffersen, N.M. Hanken. A Timanian foreland basin setting for the late Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic cover sequences (Dividal Group) of northeastern Baltica. Geological Society London, Special Publication, 390 (2014), pp. 157-175,

E. Auzanneau, M.W. Schmidt, D. Vielzeuf, J.A.D. Connolly. Titanium in phengite: a geobarometer for high temperature eclogites. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 159 (2010), pp. 1-24,

C.J. Barnes, D.A. Scheneider, J. Majka, A. Camacho, M. Bukala, A. Wlodek. 40Ar/39Ar dates controlled by white mica deformation and strain localization: Insights from comparing in situ laser ablation and single-grain fusion techniques. J. Metam. Geol., 41 (2023), pp. 1143-1166,

Z. Belka, P. Valverde-Vaquero, W. Dörr, H. Ahrendt, K. Wemmer, W. Franke, J. Schäfer. Accretion of first Gondwana-derived terranes at the margin of Baltica. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 201 (1) (2002), pp. 19-36,

L.P. Black, S.L. Kamo, C.M. Allen, J.N. Aleinikoff, D.W. Davis, R.J. Korsch, C. Foundoulis. TEMORA 1: a new zircon standard for Phanerozoic U–Pb geochronology. Chem. Geol., 200 (2003), pp. 155-170,

A. Bouvier, J.D. Vervoort, J.D. Patchett. The Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic composition of CHUR: Constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of terrestrial planets. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 273 (2008), pp. 48-57,

P.A. Cawood, P.J. McCausland, G.R. Dunning. Opening Iapetus: constraints from the Laurentian margin in Newfoundland. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113 (2001), pp. 443-453,

P.A. Cawood, C.J. Hawkesworth, B. Dhuime. Detrital zircon record and tectonic setting. Geology, 40 (2012), pp. 875-878,

P.A. Cawood, R.A. Strachan, S.A. Pisarevsky, D.P. Gladkochub, J.B. Murphy. Linking collisional and accretionary orogens during Rodinia assembly and breakup: Implications for models of supercontinent cycles. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 449 (2016), pp. 118-126,

R. Coggon, T.J.B. Holland. Mixing properties of phengitic micas and revised garnet-phengite thermobarometers. J. Metamorph. Geol., 20 (2002), pp. 683-686,

K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard, J.-X. Fan. The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart. Episodes, 36 (2013), pp. 199-204

S. Collett, S. Mazur, K. Schulmann, I. Soejono. Significance of a late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian southern Baltica active margin in late-stage Rodinian and early Gondwanan reconstructions. Precambr. Res., 383 (2022), Article 106918,

Czarnocki, J., 1919. Stratygrafia i tektonika Gór Świętokrzyskich. Stratygrafia i tektonika staropaleozoicznych utworów Gór Świętokrzyskich (kambr, sylur i dewon dolny). Pr. Tow. Nauk. Warszaw. 28, 1–172 (in Polish).

J. Czarnocki. Przegląd stratygrafii i paleogeografii dewonu dolnego Gór Świętokrzyskich. Spraw. Państw. Inst. Geol., 8 (4) (1936), pp. 129-200

J. Czarnocki. Field work in the Święty Krzyż Mountains in 1938. Biul. Państw. Inst. Geol., 15 (1939), pp. 1-42

A. Dazé, J.K.W. Lee, M. Villeneuve. An intercalibration study of the Fish Canyon sanidine and biotite 40Ar/39Ar standards and some comments on the age of the Fish Canyon Tuff. Chem. Geol., 199 (2003), pp. 111-127,

M. Domeier. Early Paleozoic tectonics of Asia: towards a full-plate model. Geosci. Front., 9 (2018), pp. 789-862,

Finger, F., Hanzl, P., Pin, C., Von Quadt, A., Steyrer, H.P., 2000. In: Franke, W., Haak, V., Oncken, O., Tanner, D. (Eds.). In: Orogenic Processes: Quantification and Modelling in the Variscan Belt, 179. Geological Society, London, Spec. Publ, pp. 103–112.

I. Francovschi, E. Grădinaru, H. Li, L. Shumlyanskyy, V. Ciobotaru. U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope systematics of detrital zircon from the late Ediacaran Kalyus Beds (East European Platform): palaeogeographic evolution of southwestern Baltica and constraints on the Ediacaran biota. Precambr. Res., 355 (2021), Article 106062,

G. Friedl, F. Finger, N.J. McNaughton, I.R. Fletcher. Deducing the ancestry of terranes: SHRIMP evidence for South America-derived Gondwana fragments in central Europe. Geology, 28 (2000), pp. 1035-1038,

Ł. Gągała. Pre-Ordovician polyphase tectonics of the Cambrian sequences in the Kielce Unit, Holy Cross Mts. (Central Poland). Geological Quarterly, 49 (1) (2005), pp. 53-66

Ł. Gągała. Late Silurian deformation in the Łysogóry Region of the Holy Cross Mountains revisited: restoration of a progressive Caledonian unconformity in the Klonów Anticline and its implications for the kinematics of the Holy Cross Fault (central Poland). Geol. Quart., 59 (3) (2015), pp. 441-456,

G. Gehrels, M. Pecha. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry of Paleozoic and Triassic passive margin strata of western North America. Geosphere, 10 (2014), pp. 49-65,

G.E. Gehrels, V.A. Valencia, J. Ruiz. Enhanced precision, accuracy, efficiency, and spatial resolution of U-Pb ages by laser ablation-multi-collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9 (3) (2008), Article Q03017,

R. Habryn, E. Krzemińska, L. Krzemiński, M. Markowiak, G. Zieliński. Detrital zircon age data from the conglomerates in the Upper Silesian and Małopolska blocks, and their implications for the pre-Variscan tectonic evolution (S Poland). Geological Quarterly, 64 (2) (2020), pp. 321-341,

P. Hanžl, V. Janoušek, I. Soejono, D. Buriánek, M. Svojtka, K. Hrdličková, V. Erban, C. Pin. The rise of the Brunovistulicum: age, geological, petrological and geochemical character of the Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks of the Central Basic Belt of the Brno Massif. Int. J. Earth Sci., 108 (2019), pp. 1165-1199,

M.T. Harrison, J. Célérier, A.B. Aikman, J. Hermann, M.T. Heizler. Diffusion of 40Ar in muscovite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73 (2009), pp. 1039-1051,

D.C. Hay, T.J. Dempster. Zircon behaviour during Low-temperature metamorphism. J. Petrol., 50 (2009), pp. 571-589,

B.J. Henderson, W.J. Collins, J.B. Murphy, G. Gutierrez-Alonso, M. Hand. Gondwanan basement terranes of the Variscan–Appalachian orogen: Baltican, Saharan and West African hafnium isotopic fingerprints in Avalonia, Iberia and the Armorican Terranes. Tectonophysics, 681 (2016), pp. 278-304,

K. Jaworowski, M. Sikorska. Łysogóry Unit (Central Poland) versus East European Craton-application of sedimentological data from Cambrian siliciclastic association. Geological Quarterly, 50 (2006), pp. 77-88

Å. Johansson. Baltica, Amazonia and the SAMBA connection—1000 million years of neighbourhood during the Proterozoic?. Precambr. Res., 175 (2009), pp. 221-234,

A. Konon. Buckle folding in the Kielce Unit, Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland. Acta Geol. Pol., 56 (2006), pp. 375-405

A. Konon. Strike-slip faulting in the Kielce Unit, Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland. Acta Geol. Pol., 57 (2007), pp. 415-441

Z. Kowalczewski. Fundamental stratigraphic problems of the Cambrian in the Holy Cross Mts. Geological Quarterly, 39 (4) (1995), pp. 449-470

Z. Kowalczewski, K. Jaworowski, M. Kuleta. Klonów Beds (uppermost Silurian-? lowermost Devonian) and the problem of Caledonian deformations in the Holy Cross Mts. Geological Quarterly, 42 (4) (1998), pp. 341-378

W. Kozłowski. Age, sedimentary environment and palaeogeographical position of the Late Silurian oolitic beds in the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland). Acta Geol. Pol., 53 (4) (2003), pp. 341-357

E. Krzemińska, P. Poprawa, J. Pacześna, L. Krzemiński. From initiation to termination: the evolution of the Ediacaran Volyn large igneous province (SW East European Craton) constrained by comparative geochemistry of proximal tuffs versus lavas and zircon geochronology. Precambr. Res., 370 (2022), Article 106560,

K.F. Kuiper, A. Deino, F.J. Hilgen, W. Krijgsman, R. Renne, J.R. Wijbrans. Synchronizing rock clocks of Earth history. Science, 320 (2008), pp. 500-504,

J. Kutek, J. Głazek. The Holy Cross area, central Poland, in the Alpine cycle. Acta Geol. Pol., 22 (4) (1972), pp. 603-651

N.B. Kuznetsov, T.V. Romanyuk. Peri-Gondwanan blocks in the structure of the southern and southeastern framing of the East European Platform. Geotectonics, 55 (2021), pp. 439-472,

J. Lamarche, J.L. Mansy, F. Bergerat, O. Averbuch, M. Hakenberg, M. Lewandowski, E. Stupnicka, J. Swidrowska, B. Wajsprych, J. Wieczorek. Variscan tectonics in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) and the role of structural inheritance during Alpine tectonics. Tectonophysics, 313 (1–2) (1999), pp. 171-186,

J. Lamarche, F. Bergerat, M. Lewandowski, J.L. Mansy, J. Świdrowska, J. Wieczorek. Variscan to Alpine heterogeneous palaeo-stress field above a major Palaeozoic suture in the Carpathian foreland (southeastern Poland). Tectonophysics, 357 (1–4) (2002), pp. 55-80,

J. Lamarche, M. Lewandowski, J.L. Mansy, M. Szulczewski. Partitioning pre-, syn-and post-Variscan deformation in the Holy Cross Mountains, eastern Variscan foreland. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 208 (1) (2003), pp. 159-184,

E. Landing, J.D. Keppie, D.F. Keppie, G. Geyer, S.R. Westrop. Greater Avalonia—latest Ediacaran–Ordovician “peribaltic” terrane bounded by continental margin prisms (“Ganderia,” Harlech Dome, Meguma): review, tectonic implications, and paleogeography. Earth Sci. Rev., 224 (2022), Article 103863,

Ludwig, K.R., 2008. User’s manual for Isoplot 3.70: A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication 4, 1-76.

J.M. Mattinson. Analysis of the relative decay constants of 235U and 238U by multi-step CA-TIMS measurements of closed-system natural zircon samples. Chem. Geol., 275 (2010), pp. 186-198,

S. Mazur, Ł. Gągała, M. Kufrasa, P. Krzywiec. Application of two-dimensional gravity models as input parameters to balanced cross-sections across the margin of the East European Craton in SE Poland. J. Struct. Geol., 116 (2018), pp. 223-233,

S. Mazur, A. Kröner, J. Szczepanski, K. Turniak, P. Hanžl, R. Melichar, N.V. Rodionov, I. Paderin, S.A. Sergeev. Single zircon U–Pb ages and geochemistry of granitoid gneisses from SW Poland: evidence for an Avalonian affinity of the Brunian microcontinent. Geol. Mag., 147 (2010), pp. 508-526,

A.S. Merdith, S.E. Williams, A.S. Collins, M.G. Tetley, J.A. Mulder, M.L. Blades, A. Young, S.E. Armistead, J. Cannon, S. Zahirovic, R.D. Müller. Extending full-plate tectonic models into deep time: Linking the Neoproterozoic and the Phanerozoic. Earth Sci. Rev., 214 (2021), Article 103477,

M. Moczydłowska. Proterozoic and Cambrian successions in Upper Silesia: an Avalonian terrane in southern Poland. Geol. Mag., 134 (1997), pp. 679-689,

J.B. Murphy, R.D. Nance, P.A. Cawood, W.J. Collins, W. Dan, L.S. Doucet, P.J. Heron, Z.-X. Li, R.N. Mitchell, S. Pisarevsky, P.K. Pufahl, C. Quesada, C.J. Spencer, R.A. Strachan, L. Wu. Pannotia: in defence of its existence and geodynamic significance. Geol. Soc., London, Special Publication, 503 (1) (2021), pp. 13-39,

R.D. Nance, J.B. Murphy, R.A. Strachan, J.D. Keppie, G. Gutiérrez-Alonso, J. Fernández-Suárez, C. Quesada, U. Linnemann, R. D’lemos, S.A. Pisarevsky. Neoproterozoic-early Palaeozoic tectonostratigraphy and palaeogeography of the peri-Gondwanan terranes: Amazonian v. West African connections. Geol. Soc. London, Special Publication, 297 (1) (2008), pp. 345-383,

R.D. Nance, D.A. Evans, J.B. Murphy. Pannotia: To be or not to be?. Earth Sci. Rev., 232 (2022), Article 104128,

J. Nawrocki, A. Boguckij, V. Katinas. New Late Vendian palaeogeography of Baltica and the TESZ. Geological Quarterly, 48 (4) (2004), pp. 309-316

J. Nawrocki, J. Dunlap, Z. Pecskay, L. Krzeminski, A. Zylinska, M. Fanning, W. Kozłowski, S. Salwa, Z. Szczepanik, W. Trela. Late Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic palaoegeography of the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Europe): an integrated approach. J. Geol. Soc., 164 (2) (2007), pp. 405-423,

J. Nawrocki, J. Leichmann, M. Pańczyk. Mid-Ediacaran bimodal magmatism and peri-Baltic affinity of the Brunovistulian terrane documented by the U-Pb isotope and palaeomagnetic data from the Brno Massif (Central Europe). Precambr. Res., 358 (2021), Article 106147,

S. Orłowski. Cambrian stratigraphy and stage subdivision in the Holy Cross Mountains. Poland. Geol. Mag., 129 (1992), pp. 471-474,

M. Paszkowski, B. Budzyń, S. Mazur, J. Slàma, L. Shumlyanskyy, J. Środoń, B. Dhuime, A. Kędzior, S. Liivamӓgi, A. Pisarzowska. Detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf constraints on provenance and timing of deposition of the Mesoproterozoic to Cambrian sedimentary cover of the East European Craton. Belarus. Precambrian Res., 331 (2019), Article 105352,

Paszkowski, M., Budzyń, B., Mazur, S., Slàma, Środoń, J., Millar, I.L., Shumlyanskyy, L., Kędzior, A., Liivamӓgi, S., 2021. Detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf constraints on provenance and timing of deposition of the Mesoproterozoic to Cambrian sedimentary cover of the East European Craton, part II: Ukraine. Precambr. Res. 362, 106282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106282.

P. Poprawa, E. Krzemińska, J. Pacześna, R. Amstrong. Geochronology of the Volyn volcanic complex at the western slope of the East European Craton–relevance to the Neoproterozoic rifting and the break-up of Rodinia/Pannotia. Precambr. Res., 346 (2020), Article 105817,

P.R. Renne, E.B. Norman. Determination of the half-life of 37Ar by mass spectrometry. Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys., 63 (2001), Article 047302,

P.R. Renne, C.C. Swisher, A.L. Deino, D.B. Karner, T.L. Owens, D.J. DePaolo. Intercalibration of standards, absolute ages and uncertainties in 40Ar/39Ar dating. Chem. Geol., 145 (1998), pp. 117-152,

B. Robert, M. Domeier, J. Jakob. On the origins of the Iapetus Ocean. Earth Sci. Rev., 221 (2021), Article 103791,

J.C. Roddick. High precision intercalibration of 40Ar/39Ar standards. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47 (1983), pp. 887-898,

A. Saintot, R.A. Stephenson, S. Stovba, M.F. Brunet, T. Yegorova, V. Starostenko. The evolution of the southern margin of Eastern Europe (Eastern European and Scythian platforms) from the latest Precambrian-Early Palaeozoic to the Early Cretaceous. Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem., 32 (2006), pp. 481-505,

M.D. Schmitz, S.A. Bowring. The significance of U–Pb zircon dates in lower crustal xenoliths from the southwestern margin of the Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa. Chem. Geol., 172 (2001), pp. 59-76

Schneider, D.A., Faehnrich, K., Majka, J., Manecki, M., 2019. 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic evidence of Eurekan deformation within the West Spitsbergen fold and Thrust Belt. In: Piepjohn, K., Strauss, J.V., Reinhardt, L., McClelland, W.C. (Eds.), Circum-Arctic structural events: Tectonic evolution of the Arctic margins and trans-Arctic links with adjacent orogens. Geol. Soc. Am. Specl. Paper, 541, 153–168.

L. Shumlyanskyy, A. Nosova, K. Billström, U. Söderlund, P.G. Andréasson, O. Kuzmenkova. The U-Pb zircon and baddeleyite ages of the Neoproterozoic Volyn Large Igneous Province: implication for the age of the magmatism and the nature of a crustal contaminant. Geol. Foeren. Stockholm Foerh., 138 (2016), pp. 17-30,

I. Soejono, K. Schulmann, J. Sláma, K. Hrdlickova, P. Hanzl, J. Konopásek, S. Collett, J. Míková. Pre-collisional crustal evolution of the European Variscan periphery: Constraints from detrital zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic record in the Precambrian metasedimentary basement of the Brunovistulian Domain. Precambr. Res., 372 (2022), Article 106606,

J. Środoń, D.J. Condon, E. Golubkova, I.L. Millar, O. Kuzmenkova, M. Paszkowski, S. Mazur, A. Kędzior, D. Drygant, V. Ciobotaru, S. Liivamägi. Ages of the Ediacaran Volyn-Brest trap volcanism, glaciations, paleosols, Podillya Ediacaran soft-bodied organisms, and the Redkino-Kotlin boundary (East European Craton) constrained by zircon single grain U-Pb dating. Precambr. Res., 386 (2023), Article 106962,

V. Starostenko, T. Janik, T. Yegorova, L. Farfuliak, W. Czuba, P. Środa, H. Thybo, I. Artemieva, M. Sosson, Y. Volfman, K. Kolomiyets. Seismic model of the crust and upper mantle in the Scythian Platform: the DOBRE-5 profile across the north western Black Sea and the Crimean Peninsula. Geophys. J. Int., 201 (1) (2015), pp. 406-428,

R.H. Steiger, E. Jäger. Subcommission on geochronology: Convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 36 (1977), pp. 359-362,

E. Stupnicka. Tectonics of Mesozoic rocks in the southern border of the Holy Cross Mts. Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol., 40 (3/4) (1970), pp. 393-409

E. Stupnicka. The significance of the Variscan orogeny in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Mid Polish Uplands). Geol. Rundsch., 81 (1992), pp. 561-570,

K.E. Sundell, G.E. Gehrels, M.E. Pecha. Rapid U-Pb geochronology by Laser Ablation Multi-Collector ICP-MS. Geostand. Geoanal. Res., 45 (2021), pp. 37-57,

K. Sundell, J.E. Saylor, M. Pecha. Provenance and recycling of detrital zircons from Cenozoic Altiplano strata and the crustal evolution of western South America from combined U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic analysis. B. Horton, A. Folguera (Eds.), Andean Tectonics, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2019), pp. 363-397,

Z. Szczepanik, W. Trela, S. Salwa. Upper Cambrian in the Kielce Region of the Holy Cross Mts. – preliminary report. Przegląd Geologiczny, 52 (9) (2004), pp. 895-898

M. Szulczewski. Depositional evolution of the Holly Cross Mts. (Poland) in the Devonian and Carboniferous-a review. Geological Quarterly, 39 (4) (1995), pp. 471-488

W. Trela. Lithostratigraphy of the Ordovician in the Holy Cross Mountains. Prz. Geol., 54 (7) (2006), pp. 622-631

R. Unrug, C. Harańczyk, M. Chocyk-Jamińska. Easternmost Avalonian and Armorican–Cadomian terranes of central Europe and Caledonian–Variscan evolution of the polydeformed Kraków mobile belt: geological constraints. Tectonophysics, 302 (1999), pp. 133-157,

P. Vermeesch. Dissimilarity measures in detrital geochronology. Earth Sci. Rev., 178 (2018), pp. 310-321,

P. Vermeesch. Maximum depositional age estimation revisited. Geosci. Front., 12 (2021), pp. 843-850,

J.D. Vervoort, J. Blichert-Toft. Evolution of the depleted mantle: Hf isotope evidence from juvenile rocks through time. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63 (1999), pp. 533-556,

J.D. Vervoort, A.I.S. Kemp. Clarifying the zircon Hf isotope record of crust–mantle evolution. Chem. Geol., 425 (2016), pp. 65-75,

A. Walczak, Z. Belka. Fingerprinting Gondwana versus Baltica provenance: Nd and Sr isotopes in Lower Paleozoic clastic rocks of the Małopolska and Łysogóry terranes, southern Poland. Gondw. Res., 45 (2017), pp. 138-151,

C. Wang, R.N. Mitchell, J.B. Murphy, P. Peng, C.J. Spencer. The role of megacontinents in the supercontinent cycle. Geology, 49 (2021), pp. 402-406,

C.J. Warren, F. Hanke, S.P. Kelley. When can muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dating constrain the timing of metamorphic exhumation?. Chem. Geol., 291 (2012), pp. 79-86,

B. Wen, D.A.D. Evans, R.P. Anderson, McCausland. Late Ediacaran paleogeography of Avalonia and the Cambrian assembly of West Gondwana. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 552 (2020), Article 116591,

J.D. Woodhead, J.M. Hergt. A preliminary appraisal of seven natural zircon reference materials for in situ Hf isotope determination. Geostand. Geoanal. Res., 39 (2005), pp. 183-195,

A. Żelaźniewicz, Z. Buła, M. Fanning, A. Seghedi, J. Żaba. More evidence on Neoproterozoic terranes in Southern Poland and southeastern Romania. Geological Quarterly, 53 (1) (2009), pp. 93-124

A. Żelaźniewicz, T. Oberc-Dziedzic, J. Slama. Baltica and the Cadomian orogen in the Ediacaran–Cambrian: a perspective from SE Poland. Int. J. Earth Sci., 109 (2020), pp. 1503-1528,

J. Znosko. Tectonic style of the Early Palaeozoic sequences in the Holy Cross Mountains. Geological Quarterly, 40 (1) (1996), pp. 1-22