Fractional order extremum seeking approach for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic panels

Abstract

Due to the high interest in renewable energy and diversity of research regarding photovoltaic (PV) array, a great research effort is focusing nowadays on solar power generation and its performance improvement under various weather conditions. In this paper, an integrated framework was proposed, which achieved both maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and minimum ripple signals. The proposed control scheme was based on extremum-seeking (ES) combined with fractional order systems (FOS). This auto-tuning strategy was developed to maximize the PV panel output power through the regulation of the voltage input to the DC/DC converter in order to lead the PV system steady-state to a stable oscillation behavior around the maximum power point (MPP). It is shown that fractional order operators can improve the plant dynamics with respect to time response and disturbance rejection. The effectiveness of the proposed controller scheme is illustrated with simulations using measured solar radiation data.

Keywords

extremum seeking (ES) / fractional order control (FOC) / fractional calculus / photovoltaic (PV) panel / maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

参考文献

[1] Lin C H, Huang C H, Du Y C, Chen J L. Maximum photovoltaic power tracking for the PV array using the fractional-order incremental conductance method. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(12): 4840–4847

[2] MelícioR, Mendes V M F, Catalao J P S. Fractional-order control and simulation of wind energy systems with PMSG/full-power converter topology. Energy Conversion and Management, 2010, 51(6): 1250–1258

[3] Neçaibia A, Ladaci S. Fractional control based integration of MPPT for photovoltaic arrays. In: The First International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Applications, ICEECA'2012, Khenchela, 2012

[4] Oustaloup A. La Commande CRONE: Commande Robuste D’ordre Non Entier. Paris: Hermes, 1991 (in French)

[5] Podlubny I. Fractional-order systems and PI^λD^μ-controllers. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1999, 44(1): 208–214

[6] Pan I, Das S. Frequency domain design of fractional order PID controller for AVR system using chaotic multi-objective optimization. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013, 51: 106–118

[7] Agrawal O P. A general formulation and solution scheme for fractional optimal control problems. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2004, 38(1–4): 323–337

[8] Ladaci S, Charef A. Fractional order adaptive control systems: a survey. In: Mitchell E W, Murray S R eds. Classification and Application of Fractals. Nova Science Publishers Inc., 2012, 261–275

[9] Vinagre B M, Petras I, Podlubny I, Chen Y Q. Using fractional order adjustment rules and fractional order reference models in model reference adaptive control. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2002, 29(1–4): 269–279

[10] Ladaci S, Loiseau J J, Charef A. Fractional order adaptive high gain controllers for a class of linear systems. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 2008, 13(4): 707–714

[11] Efe M O, Kasnakoglu C. A fractional adaptation law for sliding mode control. International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, 2008, 22(10): 968–986

[12] Ladaci S, Loiseau J J, Charef A. Adaptive internal model control with fractional order parameter. International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, 2010, 24(11): 944–960

[13] Salas V, Olías E, Barrado A, Lázaro A. Review of the maximum power point tracking algorithms for stand-alone photovoltaic systems. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2006, 90(11): 1555–1578

[14] Ramaprabha R, Balaji M, Mathur B L. Maximum power point tracking of partially shaded solar PV system using modified Fi-bonacci search method with fuzzy controller. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2012, 43(1): 754–765

[15] Ghassami A A, Sadeghzadeh S M, Soleimani A. A high performance maximum power point tracker for PV systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013, 53: 237–243

[16] Hong C M, Chen C H. Intelligent control of a grid-connected wind-photovoltaic hybrid power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2014, 55: 554–561

[17] Houssamo I, Locment F, Sechilariu M. Experimental analysis of impact of MPPT methods on energy efficiency for photovoltaic power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013, 46: 98–107

[18] Armstrong S, Hurley W G. A new methodology to optimise solar energy extraction under cloudy conditions. Renewable Energy, 2010, 35(4): 780–787

[19] Oldham K B, Spanier J. The Fractional Calculus. New York: Academic Press, 1974

[20] Miller K S, Ross B. An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Fractional Differential Equations. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1993

[21] Podlubny I. Fractional Differential Equations. New York: Academic Press, 1999

[22] Charef A, Sun H H, Tsao Y Y, Onaral B. Fractional system as represented by singularity function. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1992, 37(9): 1465–1470

[23] Ariyur K B, Krstic M. Real-Time Optimization by Extremum-Seeking Control. New York: Wiley, 2003

[24] Krstić M. Performance improvement and limitation in extremum seeking control. Systems & Control Letters, 2000, 39(5): 313–326

[25] Astrom K J, Wittenmark B. Adaptive Control. 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995

[26] Carnevale D, Astolfi A, Centioli C, Podda S, Vitale V, Zaccarian L. A new extremum seeking technique and its application to maximize RF heating on FTU. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2009, 84(2–6): 554–558

[27] Ladaci S, Charef A. MIT adaptive rule with fractional integration. In: Proceedings of CESA'2003 IMACS Multiconference Computational Engineering in Systems Applications, Lille, 2003

[28] Chenni R, Makhlouf M, Kerbache T, Bouzid A. A detailed modeling method for photovoltaic cell. Energy, 2007, 32(9): 1724–1730

[29] Femia N, Petrone G, Spagnuolo G, Vitelli M. Optimization of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2005, 20(4): 963–973

[30] Kwon J M, Nam K H, Kwon B H. Photovoltaic power conditioning system with line connection. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2006, 53(4): 1048–1054

[31] Heydari-doostabad H, Keypour R, Khalghani M R, Khooban M H. A new approach in MPPT for photovoltaic array based on extremum seeking control under uniform and non-uniform irradiances. Solar Energy, 2013, 94: 28–36

[32] Lei P, Li Y, Seem J E. Sequential ESC-based global MPPT control for photovoltaic array with variable shading. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2011, 2(3): 348–358

[33] Ladaci S, Bensafia Y. Fractionalization: a new tool for robust adaptive control of noisy plants. In: Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Fractional Differentiation and Its Applications part of IFAC Joint Conference: 5th Symposium on System Structure and Control, 11th Work-shop on Time-Delay Systems. Grenoble, 2013: 379–384

版权

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg