Multi-objective design optimization of a large-scale direct-drive permanent magnet generator for wind energy conversion systems

Abstract

This paper presents a simultaneous multi-objective optimization of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator and a three-blade horizontal-axis wind turbine for a large scale wind energy conversion system. Analytical models of the generator and the turbine are used along with the cost model for optimization. Three important characteristics of the system i.e.,the total cost of the generator and blades, the annual energy output and the total mass of generator and blades are chosen as objective functions for a multi-objective optimization. Genetic algorithm (GA) is then employed to optimize the value of eight design parameters including seven generator parameters and a turbine parameter resulting in a set of Pareto optimal solutions. Four optimal solutions are then selected by applying some practical restrictions on the Pareto front. One of these optimal designs is chosen for finite element verification. A circuit-fed coupled time stepping finite element method is then performed to evaluate the no-load and the full load performance analysis of the system including the generator, a rectifier and a resistive load. The results obtained by the finite element analysis (FEA) verify the accuracy of the analytical model and the proposed method.

Keywords

permanent magnet synchronous generator / wind turbine / direct-drive / multi-objective optimization / cost / mass / annual energy output / finite element analysis (FEA)

参考文献

[1] Bevrani H, Ghosh A, Ledwich G. Renewable energy sources and frequency regulation: survey and new perspectives. IET Renewable Power Generation, 2010, 4(5): 438−457

[2] REN 21. Renewables 2011 Global Status Report. 2013-05-06

[3] Arabian-Hoseynabadi H, Tavner P J, Oraee H. Reliability comparison of direct- drive and geared-drive wind turbine concepts. Wind Energy, 2009, 13(1): 62−73

[4] Polinder H, Van der Pigl F F A, Tavner P J. Comparison of direct-drive and geared generator concepts for wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2006, 21(3): 725−733

[5] Lampola P. Directly driven, low-speed permanent-magnet generators for wind power applications. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology, 2000

[6] Colli D, Marignetti F, Attaianese C. Analytical and multiphysics approach to the optimal design of a 10-MW DFIG for direct-drive wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2012, 59(7): 2791−2799

[7] Abbasian M, Isfahani A H, Shahghasemi S, Sheikholeslam F. Effects of permanent magnet synchronous generator and wind turbine parameters on the performance of a small-scale wind power generation system. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny (Electrical Review), 2011, 87: 360−363

[8] Dubis M R. Optimized permanent magnet generator topologies for direct-drive wind turbines. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Delft: Delft University, 2004

[9] Chen Y, Pillay P, Khan M A. PM wind generator topologies. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2005, 41(6): 1619−1626

[10] Muljadi E, Butterfield C P, Wan Y. Axial-flux modular permanent-magnet generator with a toroidal winding for wind-turbine applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1999, 35(4): 831−836

[11] Spooner E, Williamson A C. Direct coupled, permanent-magnet generators for wind turbine applications. IEE Proceedings-Electric Power Applications, 1996, 143(1): 1−8

[12] Eriksson S, Bernhoff H. Loss evaluation and design optimisation for direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generators for wind power. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(1): 265−271

[13] Pinilla M, Martinez S. Selection of main design variables for low-speed permanent magnet machines devoted to renewable energy conversion. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2011, 26(3): 940−945

[14] Jung H, Lee C G, Hahn S C, Jung S Y. Optimal design of a direct-driven PM wind generator aimed at maximum AEP using coupled FEA and parallel computing GA. Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 2006, 3(4): 552−558

[15] Jung S Y, Jung H, Hahn S C, Jung H K, Lee C G. Optimal design of direct-driven PM wind generator for maximum annual energy production. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2008, 44(6): 1062−1065

[16] Abbasian M, Isfahani A H. Optimal design of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator for small-scale wind energy conversion systems. Journal of Magnetism, 2011, 16(4): 379−385

[17] Zhang J, Cheng M, Chen Z. Optimal design of stator interior permanent magnet machine with minimized cogging torque for wind power application. Energy Conversion and Management, 2008, 49(8): 2100−2105

[18] Potgieter J H J, Kamper M J. Torque and Voltage quality in design optimisation of low cost non-overlap single layer winding permanent magnet wind generator. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2012, 59(5): 2147−2156

[19] Sun X, Cheng M, Hua W, Xu L. Optimal design of double-layer permanent magnet dual mechanical port machine for wind power application. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2009, 45(5): 4613−4619

[20] Hassanain N E A M, Fletcher J E. Steady-state performance assessment of three- and five-phase permanent magnet generators connected to a diode bridge rectifier under open-circuit faults. IET Renewable Power Generation, 2010, 4(5): 420−427

[21] Brisset S, Vizireanu D, Brochet P. Design and optimization of a nine-phase axial-flux pm synchronous generator with concentrated winding for direct-drive wind turbine. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2008, 44(3): 707−715

[22] Morandin M, Fornasiero E, Bolognani S, Bianchi N. Torque/power rating design of an IPM machine for maximum profit-to-cost ratio in wind power generation. In: IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference. Niagara Falls, Canada, 2011, 1113−1118

[23] McDonald A S, Mueller M A, Polinder H. Structural mass in direct-drive permanent magnet electrical generators. IET Renewable Power Generation, 2008, 2(1): 3−15

[24] Shrestha G, Polinder H, Bang D, Ferreira J A. Structural flexibility: a solution for weight reductionof large direct-drive wind-turbine generators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2010, 25(3): 732−740

[25] Mueller M A, McDonald A S. A lightweight low-speed permanent magnet electrical generator for direct-drive wind turbines. Wind Energy, 2009, 12(8): 768−780

[26] Li H, Chen Z. Design optimization and site matching of direct-drive permanent magnet wind power generator systems. Renewable Energy, 2009, 34(3): 1175−1184

[27] Khan M A. Contributions to permanent magnet wind generator design including the application of soft magnetic composites, Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree, New York: Clarkson University, 2006

[28] Renewable Energy Organization of Iran. Iran wind atlas. 2014-03-21

[29] Zinger D S, Muljadi E. Annualized wind energy improvement using variable-speeds. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1997, 33(6): 1444−1447

[30] Gieras J F, Wing M. Permanent magnet motor technology: design and application. 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker Inc., 2002

[31] Khan M A, Pillay P, Visser K D. On adapting a small PM wind generator for a multiblade, high solidity wind turbine. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2005, 20(3): 685−692

[32] Burton T, Sharpe D, Jenkins N, Bossanyi E. Wind Energy Handbook. England: John Wiley&Sons, Ltd, 2001

[33] Dosiek L, Pillay P. Cogging torque reduction in permanent magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2007, 43(6): 1565−1571

[34] Gyselinck J J C, Vandevelde L, Melkebeek J A A. Multi-slice FE modeling of electrical machines with skewed slots- the skew discretization error. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2011, 37(5): 3233−3237

版权

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg