Advancing ion-exchange membranes to ion-selective membranes: principles, status, and opportunities

Highlight

● IEM ion/ion selectivities of charge, valence, & specific ion are critically assessed.

● Ion/molecule selectivities of ion/solvent and ion/uncharged solute are reviewed.

● Approaches to advance the selectivities through sorption and migration are analyzed.

● The permeability-selectivity tradeoff appears to be pervasive.

● Ion/molecule selectivities are comparatively underdeveloped and poorly understood.

Abstract

Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are utilized in numerous established, emergent, and emerging applications for water, energy, and the environment. This article reviews the five different types of IEM selectivity, namely charge, valence, specific ion, ion/solvent, and ion/uncharged solute selectivities. Technological pathways to advance the selectivities through the sorption and migration mechanisms of transport in IEM are critically analyzed. Because of the underlying principles governing transport, efforts to enhance selectivity by tuning the membrane structural and chemical properties are almost always accompanied by a concomitant decline in permeability of the desired ion. Suppressing the undesired crossover of solvent and neutral species is crucial to realize the practical implementation of several technologies, including bioelectrochemical systems, hypersaline electrodialysis desalination, fuel cells, and redox flow batteries, but the ion/solvent and ion/uncharged solute selectivities are relatively understudied, compared to the ion/ion selectivities. Deepening fundamental understanding of the transport phenomena, specifically the factors underpinning structure-property-performance relationships, will be vital to guide the informed development of more selective IEMs. Innovations in material and membrane design offer opportunities to utilize ion discrimination mechanisms that are radically different from conventional IEMs and potentially depart from the putative permeability-selectivity tradeoff. Advancements in IEM selectivity can contribute to meeting the aqueous separation needs of water, energy, and environmental challenges.

Keywords

Ion-exchange membranes / Selectivity / Separations

Ngai Yin Yip is the Lavon Duddleson Krumb Assistant Professor of Earth and Environmental Engineering at Columbia University, USA. He received his doctoral degree in Chemical and Environmental Engineering from Yale University, USA. His current research is focused on advancing physicochemical technologies and innovations for critical separation challenges in water, energy, and the environment, including high-salinity desalination, zero-liquid discharge, resource recovery from wastewaters, next-generation selective membranes, switchable solvents for water treatment, and low-grade heat utilization. For his research contributions, Dr. Yip has been recognized by the James J. Morgan Early Career Award of Environmental Science & Technology (Honorable Mention) and is featured as an Emerging Investigator by Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. In addition to serving on the editorial boards of Desalination and Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, he is also an Early Career Board member for ACS ES&T Engineering. Yip has been a guest editor for special issues of Desalination and Water Science & Technology

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