Peroxyacetyl nitrate measurements by thermal dissociation–chemical ionization mass spectrometry in an urban environment: performance and characterizations
Peroxyacetyl nitrate measurements by thermal dissociation–chemical ionization mass spectrometry in an urban environment: performance and characterizations
The loss degree of PAN signal in a TD-CIMS caused by NO is tested and quantified.
TD-CIMS is applicable for PAN measurement in urban areas with necessary correction.
The PAN formation efficiency in urban Hong Kong increased with NO2 concentration.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important indicator of photochemical smog and has adverse effects on human health and vegetation growth. A rapid and highly selective technique of thermal dissociation–chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) was recently developed to measure the abundance of PAN in real time; however, it may be subject to artifact in the presence of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we tested the interference of the PAN signal induced by NO, evaluated the performance of TD-CIMS in an urban environment, and investigated the concentration and formation of PAN in urban Hong Kong. NO caused a significant underestimation of the PAN signal in TD-CIMS, with the underestimation increasing sharply with NO concentration and decreasing slightly with PAN abundance. A formula was derived to link the loss of PAN signal with the concentrations of NO and PAN, which can be used for data correction in PAN measurements. The corrected PAN data from TD-CIMS were consistent with those from the commonly used gas chromatography with electron capture detection, which confirms the utility of TD-CIMS in an urban environment in which NO is abundant. In autumn of 2010, the hourly average PAN mixing ratio varied from 0.06 ppbv to 5.17 ppbv, indicating the occurrence of photochemical pollution in urban Hong Kong. The formation efficiency of PAN during pollution episodes was as high as 3.9 to 5.9 ppbv per 100 ppbv ozone. PAN levels showed a near-linear increase with NOx concentration, suggesting a control policy of NOx reduction for PAN pollution.
TD-CIMS / Peroxyacetyl nitrate / Interference / Photochemical pollution / Formation efficiency
[1] |
Stephens E R. The formation, reactions, and properties of peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) in photochemical air pollution. Advances in Environmental Science and Technology, 1969, 1: 119–146
|
[2] |
Vyskocil A, Viau C, Lamy S . Peroxyacetyl nitrate: review of toxicity. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 1998, 17(4): 212–220
CrossRef
ADS
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Parrish D D, Xu J, Croes B , Shao M. Air quality improvement in Los Angeles—Perspectives for developing cities. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016, 10(5): 11
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Taylor O C. Importance of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) as a phytotoxic air pollutant. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 1969, 19(5): 347–351
CrossRef
ADS
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Temple P J, Taylor O C. World-wide ambient measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and implications for plant injury. Atmospheric Environment, 1983, 17(8): 1583–1587
|
[6] |
Ridley B A, Shetter J D, Gandrud B W, Salas L J, Singh H B, Carroll M A, Hübler G, Albritton D L , Hastie D R , Schiff H I , Mackay G I , Karechi D R , Davis D D , Bradshaw J D , Rodgers M O , Sandholm S T , Torres A L , Condon E P , Gregory G L , Beck S M . Ratios of peroxyacetyl nitrate to active nitrogen observed during aircraft flights over the eastern pacific oceans and continental United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1990, 95(D7): 10179–10192
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Singh H B, Salas L J, Ridley B A, Shetter J D, Donahue N M, Fehsenfeld F C, Fahey D W, Parrish D D, Williams E J, Liu S C, Hubler G, Murphy P C . Relationship between peroxyacetyl nitrate and nitrogen oxides in the clean troposphere. Nature, 1985, 318(6044): 347–349
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Orlando J J, Tyndall G S, Calvert J G. Thermal decomposition pathways for peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): implications for atmospheric methyl nitrate levels. Atmospheric Environment. Part A, General Topics, 1992, 26(17): 3111–3118
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Singh H B, Salas L J, Viezee W. Global distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate. Nature, 1986, 321(6070): 588–591
CrossRef
ADS
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Gaffney J S, Marley N A, Cunningham M M, Doskey P V. Measurements of peroxyacyl nitrates (PANS) in Mexico City: implications for megacity air quality impacts on regional scales. Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33(30): 5003–5012
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Zhang J B, Xu Z, Yang G , Wang B. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) in urban and suburban atmospheres of Beijing, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion, 2011, 11(3): 8173–8206
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Williams J, Roberts J M, Bertman S B, Stroud C A, Fehsenfeld F C, Baumann K, Buhr M P , Knapp K , Murphy P C , Nowick M , Williams E J . A method for the airborne measurement of PAN, PPN, and MPAN. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2000, 105(D23): 28943–28960
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Flocke F, Weinheimer A, Swanson A , Roberts J , Schmitt R , Shertz S . On the measurement of PANs by gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2005, 52(1): 19–43
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Zhang G, Mu Y, Liu J , Mellouki A . Direct and simultaneous determination of trace-level carbon tetrachloride, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and peroxypropionyl nitrate using gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Journal of Chromatography. A, 2012, 1266(2012): 110–115
CrossRef
ADS
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Zheng W, Flocke F M, Tyndall G S, Swanson A, Orlando J J , Roberts J M , Huey L G , Tanner D J . Characterization of a thermal decomposition chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the measurement of peroxy acyl nitrates (PANs) in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11(13): 6529–6547
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Hastie D R, Gray J, Langford V S , Maclagan R G A R , Milligan D B , McEwan M J . Real-time measurement of peroxyacetyl nitrate using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2010, 24(3): 343–348
CrossRef
ADS
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Huey L G. Measurement of trace atmospheric species by chemical ionization mass spectrometry: speciation of reactive nitrogen and future directions. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 2007, 26(2): 166–184
CrossRef
ADS
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Slusher D L, Huey L G, Tanner D J, Flocke F M, Roberts J M. A thermal dissociation-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) technique for the simultaneous measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates and dinitrogen pentoxide. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004, 109(D19): D19315
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Wolfe G M, Thornton J A, McNeill V F, Jaffe D A, Reidmiller D, Chand D , Smith J , Swartzendruber P , Flocke F , Zheng W . Influence of trans-Pacific pollution transport on acyl peroxy nitrate abundances and speciation at Mount Bachelor Observatory during INTEX-B. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, 7(20): 5309–5325
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Turnipseed A A , Huey L G , Nemitz E , Stickel R , Higgs J , Tanner D J , Slusher D L , Sparks J P , Flocke F , Guenther A . Eddy covariance fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs) and NOy to a coniferous forest. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres, 2006, 111(D9): D09304
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Wolfe G M, Thornton J A, Yatavelli R L N, McKay M, Goldstein A H , LaFranchi B , Min K E , Cohen R C . Eddy covariance fluxes of acyl peroxy nitrates (PAN, PPN and MPAN) above a Ponderosa pine forest. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 9(2): 615–634
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[22] |
LaFranchi B, Wolfe G, Thornton J , Harrold S , Browne E , Min K, Wooldridge P, Gilman J , Kuster W , Goldan P , de Gouw J A , McKay M , Goldstein A H , Ren X, Mao J, Cohen R C . Closing the peroxy acetyl nitrate budget: observations of acyl peroxy nitrates (PAN, PPN, and MPAN) during BEARPEX 2007. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 9(19): 7623–7641
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Roiger A, Aufmhoff H, Stock P , Arnold F , Schlager H . An aircraft-borne chemical ionization- ion trap mass spectrometer (CI-ITMS) for fast PAN and PPN measurements. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2011, 4(2): 173–188
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Phillips G J, Pouvesle N, Thieser J , Schuster G , Axinte R , Fischer H , Williams J , Lelieveld J , Crowley J N . Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and peroxyacetic acid (PAA) measurements by iodide chemical ionisation mass spectrometry: first analysis of results in the boreal forest and implications for the measurement of PAN fluxes. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(3): 1129–1139
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Wang Z, Shao M, Chen L , Tao M, Zhong L, Chen D , Fan M, Wang Y, Wang X . Space view of the decadal variation for typical air pollutants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016, 10(5): 9
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Xue L, Wang T, Wang X , Blake D R , Gao J, Nie W, Gao R , Gao X, Xu Z, Ding A , Huang Y , Lee S, Chen Y, Wang S , Chai F, Zhang Q, Wang W . On the use of an explicit chemical mechanism to dissect peroxy acetyl nitrate formation. Environmental Pollution, 2014, 195(195): 39–47
CrossRef
ADS
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Wang X, Wang T, Yan C , Tham Y J , Xue L, Xu Z, Zha Q . Large daytime signals of N2O5 and NO3 inferred at 62 amu in a TD-CIMS: chemical interference or a real atmospheric phenomenon? Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2014, 7(1): 1–12
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Zhang J, Wang T, Ding A , Zhou X, Xue L, Poon C , Wu W, Gao J, Zuo H , Chen J, Zhang X C, Fan S J. Continuous measurement of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in suburban and remote areas of western China. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 43(2): 228–237
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Xu Z, Wang T, Xue L , Louie P K K , Luk C W Y , Gao J, Wang S, Chai F , Wang W. Evaluating the uncertainties of thermal catalytic conversion in measuring atmospheric nitrogen dioxide at four differently polluted sites in China. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 76(2013): 221–226
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Lee G, Jang Y, Lee H , Han J S , Kim K R , Lee M. Characteristic behavior of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in Seoul megacity, Korea. Chemosphere, 2008, 73(4): 619–628
CrossRef
ADS
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Grosjean E, Grosjean D, Fraser M P , Cass G R . Air quality model evaluation data for organics. 3. Peroxyacetyl nitrate and peroxypropionyl nitrate in Los Angeles air. Environmental Science & Technology, 1996, 30(9): 2704–2714
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Xu Z, Xue L, Wang T , Xia T, Gao Y, Louie P K K , Luk C W Y . Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate at a background site in the Pearl River delta region: production efficiency and regional transport. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2015, 15(1): 833–841
|
[33] |
Liu Z, Wang Y, Gu D , Zhao C, Huey L G, Stickel R, Liao J , Shao M, Zhu T, Zeng L , Liu S C , Chang C C , Amoroso A , Costabile F . Evidence of reactive aromatics as a major source of peroxy acetyl nitrate over China. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(18): 7017–7022
CrossRef
ADS
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[34] |
Zhang J M. Measurement of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and the implications to photochemical pollution. Dissertation for the Master Degree. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2009
|
[35] |
Wang B, Shao M, Roberts J , Yang G, Yang F, Hu M , Zeng L, Zhang Y, Zhang J . Ground-based on-line measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) in the Pearl River Delta, China. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2010, 90(7): 548–559
CrossRef
ADS
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |