Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in Tanggu District, Tianjin Binhai New Area, China

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) concentrations were monitored during the November 2008 by using the filter samples collected day and night from three sites in Tanggu District at Tianjin Binhai New Area, China. The mean concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ rank in the order of urban (150 μg/m³ for PM_2.5 and 197 μg/m³ for PM₁₀)>industrial (32 μg/m³ for PM_2.5 and 170 μg/m³ for PM₁₀)>suburb area (27 μg/m³ for PM_2.5 and 59 μg/m³ for PM₁₀). Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples. Concentrations of total PAHs in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ are in the range of 8.47–113.94 ng/m³ with average of 62.88 ng/m³ and 21.07–118.23 ng/m³ with average of 73.42 ng/m³, respectively. The light ring PAHs (2–4 rings) are dominant in both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ during sampling time compares with the heavy ring (5–6 rings) PAHs. The relationship of PAHs and PM_2.5 (r = 0.689, p<0.05) is stronger than PAHs and PM₁₀ (r = 0.570, p<0.05), illustrating PAHs tend to adsorb in PM_2.5. In addition, principal component analysis was applied to find the source of PAHs. Three principal factors representing three types of PAHs sources in Tanggu District are extracted, which were coke production, pyrogenic sources and vehicular source.

Keywords

PM_2.5 / PM₁₀ / polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) / Tanggu District / Tianjin Binhai New Area

References

[1] Bourotte C, Forti M C, Taniguchi S, Bicego M C, Lotufo P A (2005). A wintertime study of PAHs in fine and coarse aerosols in Sao Paulo City, Brazil. Atmos Environ, 39(21): 3799–3811

[2] Cao J J, Lee S C, Ho K F, Zhang X Y, Zou S C, Fung K, Chow J C, Watson J G (2003). Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta region, China during 2001 winter period. Atmos Environ, 37(11): 1451–1460

[3] Chrysikou L P, Gemenetzis P G, Samara C A (2009). Wintertime size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the urban environment: street- vs rooftop-level measurements. Atmos Environ, 43(2): 290–300

[4] Duan J C, Tan J H, Cheng D X, Deng W J, Sheng G Y, Fu J M (2007). Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in two largest cities in Pearl River Delta region, China. Atmos Environ, 41(14): 2895–2903

[5] Dutton S J, Rajagopalan B, Vedal S, Hannigan M P (2010). Temporal patterns in daily measurements of inorganic and organic speciated PM_2.5 in Denver. Atmos Environ, 44: 987–998

[6] Guo J P, Zhang X Y, Che H Z, Gong S L, An X Q, Cao C X, Guang J, Zhang H, Wang Y Q, Zhang X C, Xue M, Li X W (2009). Correlation between PM concentrations and aerosol optical depth in eastern China. Atmos Environ, 43(37): 5876–5886

[7] Hao M T, Lin T J, Liu Y (2006). Current pollution status and pollution characteristics of PM in China. Environmental Science and Management, 31(2): 58–61

[8] He F P, Zhang Z H, Wan Y Y, Lu S, Wang L, Bu Q W (2009). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Beijing and Tianjin region: vertical distribution, correlation with TOC and transport mechanism. J Environ Sci, 21(5): 675–685

[9] Ho K F, Lee S C, Chan C K, Yu J C, Chow J C, Yao X H (2003). Characterization of chemical species in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ aerosols in Hong Kong. Atmos Environ, 37(1): 31–39

[10] Kim K H, Kim M Y (2003). The effects of Asian Dust on particulate matter fractionation in Seoul, Korea during spring 2001. Chemosphere, 51(8): 707–721

[11] Ladji R, Yassaa N, Balducci C, Cecinato A, Meklati B Y (2009). Annual variation of particulate organic compounds in PM₁₀ in the urban atmosphere of Algiers. Atmos Res, 92(2): 258–269

[12] Larsen R K 3rd, Baker J E (2003). Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods. Environ Sci Technol, 37(9): 1873–1881

[13] Lee M L, Vassilaros D L, Later D W (1982). Capillary column gas chromatography of environmental polycyclic aromatic compounds. Int J Environ Anal Chem, 11(3-4): 251–262

[14] Li Z, Sjodin A, Porter E N, Patterson D G Jr, Needham L L, Lee S, Russell A G, Mulholland J A (2009). Characterization of PM_2.5-bound polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in Atlanta. Atmos Environ, 43(5): 1043–1050

[15] Lin Z Q, Xi Z G, Yang D F, Zhang H S, Liu H L, Zhang W, Chao F H (2005). Levels of air particulates with different diameters and the distribution of heavy metals in the particulates during the period of heating equipments used. J Environ Health, 22(1): 33–34

[16] Mantis J, Chaloulakou A, Samara C (2005). PM₁₀-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Greater Area of Athens, Greece. Chemosphere, 59(5): 593–604

[17] Meng Z Y, Jiang X M, Yan P, Lin W L, Zhang H D, Wang Y (2007). Characteristics and sources of PM_2.5 and carbonaceous species during winter in Taiyuan, China. Atmos Environ, 41(32): 6901–6908

[18] Pan C Z, Chen G C, Yang Q L, Wang D Y, Zhao Q, Zhou X J, Zhang Y (2004). Study on the concentration distribution of PM₁₀/PM_2.5 related to traffic-bust road in Chongqing downtown area. Journal of South-west Agricultural, 26(5): 576–579 (in Chinese)

[19] Pandey P, Khan A H, Verma A K, Singh K A, Mathur N, Kisku G C, Barman S C (2012). Seasonal trends of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in ambient air and their correlation in ambient air of Lucknow City, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 88(2): 265–270

[20] Shi Z, Tao S, Pan B, Fan W, He X C, Zuo Q, Wu S P, Li B G, Cao J, Liu W X, Xu F L, Wang X J, Shen W R, Wong P K (2005). Contamination of rivers in Tianjin, China by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Pollut, 134(1): 97–111

[21] Simcik M F, Eisenreich S J, Lioy P J (1999). Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan. Atmo Environ, 33(30): 5071–5079

[22] Sun Y, Wang Y S, Zhang C C (2010). Vertical observations and analysis of PM_2.5, O₃, and NO_x at Beijing and Tianjin from towers during summer and autumn 2006. Adv Atmos Sci, 27(1): 123–136

[23] Sun Y, Zhang G S, Wang Y, Han L H, Guo J H, Dan M, Zhang W J, Wang Z F, Hao Z P (2004). The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing concentration, composition, distribution and sources. Atmos Environ, 38(35): 5991–6004

[24] Venkataraman C, Thomas S, Kulkarni P (1999). Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-gas/particle partitioning to urban aerosols. J Aerosol Sci, 30(6): 759–770

[25] Villalobos-Pietrini R, Hernández-Mena L, Amador-Muñoz O, Munive-Colín Z, Bravo-Cabrera J L, Gómez-Arroyo S, Frías-Villegas A, Waliszewski S, Ramírez-Pulido J, Ortiz-Muñiz R (2007). Biodirected mutagenic chemical assay of PM₁₀ extractable organic matter in Southwest Mexico City. Mutat Res, 634(1-2): 192–204

[26] Wang G H, Wang H, Yu Y J, Gao S X, Feng J F, Gao S T, Wang L S (2003). Chemical characterization of water-soluble components of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 atmospheric aerosol in five location of Nanjing, China. Atmos Environ, 37(21): 2893–2902

[27] Wang J L, Zhang Y H, Shao M, Liu X L, Zeng L M, Cheng C L, Xu X F (2004). Chemical composition and quantitative relationship between meteorological condition and fine particles in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China), 16(5): 860–864

[28] Wang J L, Zhang Y H, Shao M, Liu X L, Zeng L M, Cheng C L, Xu X F (2006a). Quantitative relationship between visibility and mass concentration of PM_2.5 in Beijing. J Environ Sci, 18(3): 475–481

[29] Wang Y, Zhuang G S, Sun Y L, An Z S (2005). Water-soluble part of the aerosol in the dust storm season-evidence of the mixing between mineral and pollution aerosols. Atmos Environ, 39(37): 7020–7029

[30] Wang Y, Zhuang G S, Sun Y L, An Z S (2006b). The variation of characteristics and formation mechanisms of aerosols in dust, haze, and clear days in Beijing. Atmos Environ, 40(34): 6579–6591

[31] Wu S P, Tao S, Xu F L, Dawson R, Lan T, Li B G, Cao J (2005). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dustfall in Tianjin, China. Sci Total Environ, 345(1-3): 115–126

[32] Wu S P, Zuo Q, Tao S, Yu L, Zhang Z, Shen W R, Qin B P, Sun R (2004). Organic pollutants in atmospheric particulates of various sizes in Beijing and Tianjin. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 23(3): 578–583 (in Chinese)

[33] Yunker M B, Macdonald R W, Vingarzan R, Mitchell R H, Goyette D, Sylvestre S (2002). PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Geochemistry, 33(4): 489–515

[34] Zhao Z H (1993). Environmental Health Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Beijing: Chinese Science and Technology Publishing Press (in Chinese)

[35] Zuo Q, Duan Y H, Yang Y, Wang X J, Tao S (2007). Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in Tianjin, China. Environ Pollut, 147(2): 303–310

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the assistance of our group members in the State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences and Tanggu Environmental Department for their support during the study.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg