Surface engineering of lipid nanoparticles: targeted nucleic acid delivery and beyond

Abstract

Harnessing surface engineering strategies to functionalize nucleic acid-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for improved performance has been a hot research topic since the approval of the first siRNA drug, patisiran, and two mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. Currently, efforts have been mainly made to construct targeted LNPs for organ- or cell-type-specific delivery of nucleic acid drugs by conjugation with various types of ligands. In this review, we describe the surface engineering strategies for nucleic acid-LNPs, considering ligand types, conjugation chemistries, and incorporation methods. We then outline the general purification and characterization techniques that are frequently used following the engineering step and emphasize the specific techniques for certain types of ligands. Next, we comprehensively summarize the currently accessible organs and cell types, as well as the other applications of the engineered LNPs. Finally, we provide considerations for formulating targeted LNPs and discuss the challenges of successfully translating the “proof of concept” from the laboratory into the clinic. We believe that addressing these challenges could accelerate the development of surface-engineered LNPs for targeted nucleic acid delivery and beyond.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Lipid nanoparticles / Nucleic acid delivery / Surface engineering / Targeted delivery

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1103802; 2023YFC3405000), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82272139) and Emerging Engineering Interdisciplinary-Young Scholars Project, Peking University, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (PKU2023XGK011). Schemes were created with BioRender.com.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2023 The Author(s)