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Frontiers of Engineering Management    2019, Vol. 6 Issue (3) : 416-432     https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-019-0036-1
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Case-based reasoning for selection of the best practices in low-carbon city development
Zhenhua HUANG1, Hongqin FAN1(), Liyin SHEN2
1. Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
2. School of Construction Management and Real Estate, International Research Center for Sustainable Built Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Abstract

Cities emit extensive carbon emissions, which are considered a major contributor to the severe issue of climate change. Various low-carbon development programs have been initiated at the city level worldwide to address this problem. These practices are invaluable in promoting the development of low-carbon cities. Therefore, an effective approach should be developed to help decision makers select the best practices from previous experience on the basis of the impact features of carbon emission and city context features. This study introduces a case-based reasoning methodology for a specific city to select the best practices as references for low-carbon city development. The proposed methodology consists of three main components, namely, case representation, case retrieval, and case adaption and retention. For city representation, this study selects city context features and the impact features of carbon emission to characterize and represent a city. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by applying it to the selection of the best practices for low-carbon development of Chengdu City in Sichuan Province, China.

Keywords low-carbon city      carbon emission      best practices      case-based reasoning     
最新录用日期:    在线预览日期:    发布日期: 2019-09-04
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Zhenhua HUANG
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Liyin SHEN
引用本文:   
Zhenhua HUANG,Hongqin FAN,Liyin SHEN. Case-based reasoning for selection of the best practices in low-carbon city development[J]. Front. Eng, 2019, 6(3): 416-432.
网址:  
https://journal.hep.com.cn/fem/EN/10.1007/s42524-019-0036-1     OR     https://journal.hep.com.cn/fem/EN/Y2019/V6/I3/416
Fig.1  Cycle of case-based reasoning
Fig.2  Framework of CBR in the selection of the best practices
City context feature Indicator value
Landform Hills, mountains, plains, plateaus
Climate zone Severe cold, cold, mild, hot summer and cold winter, and hot summer and warm winter
City scale Small city, medium-size city, large city, super city, mega city
Development stage Urbanization rate
Tab.1  City context features and their indicators
Sector Key impact features of carbon emission
Energy • Industrial energy consumption per capita/(tce?person1);
• Household use of electricity per capita/(kW?h?person1);
• Proportion of renewable and clean energy/%;
• Amount of central heating supply per capita/(GJ?person1)
Transportation • Road area per capita/(104 m2);
• Public buses per capita/(vehicle?104 person1);
• Volume of freight/(104 t);
• Private cars per capita/(vehicle?104?person1)
Building • Area of green buildings/(104 m2)
Waste • Ratio of industrial solid waste comprehensively utilized/%;
• Domestic garbage treatment rate/%
Land use • Average per-capita public green land/(hectares?104?person1);
• Area of built districts per capita/(km2?person?1)
Water • Volume of industrial waste water discharged/(104 t);
• Annual quantity of wastewater discharged/(104 m3);
• Quantity of wastewater treated/(104 m3);
• Amount of water supply/(104 t)
Economy • GDP per capita/(CNY?person1);
• Proportion of tertiary industry to GDP/%
Tab.2  Key impact features of carbon emission in cities
Features Format of feature value
• Landform Crisp symbol
• Climate zone Crisp symbol
• Industrial energy consumption per capita Crisp number
• Household use of electricity per capita Crisp number
• Proportion of renewable and clean energy Crisp number
• Amount of central heating supply per capita Crisp number
• Road area per capita Crisp number
• Public buses per capita Crisp number
• Volume of freight Crisp number
• Private cars per capita Crisp number
• Area of green buildings Crisp number
• Ratio of industrial solid waste comprehensively utilized Crisp number
• Domestic garbage treatment rate Crisp number
• Average per-capita public green land Crisp number
• Area of built districts per capita Crisp number
• Volume of industrial waste water discharged Crisp number
• Annual quantity of wastewater discharged Crisp number
• Quantity of wastewater treated Crisp number
• Amount of water supply Crisp number
• GDP per capita Crisp number
• Proportion of tertiary industry to GDP Crisp number
• City scale Fuzzy linguistic
• Development stage Fuzzy linguistic
Tab.3  Format of each feature
City Similarity level
Nanchang 0.9183
Huai’an 0.9147
Wenzhou 0.9052
Ningbo 0.8871
Wuhan 0.8870
Hangzhou 0.8848
Qingdao 0.8719
Chongqing 0.8563
Zhenjiang 0.8432
Suzhou 0.8362
Jingdezhen 0.8348
Guilin 0.8256
Chizhou 0.8176
Kunming 0.8095
Guangyuan 0.8039
Baoding 0.8017
Shijiazhuang 0.7994
Guiyang 0.7982
Qinhuangdao 0.7963
Zunyi 0.7917
Tianjin 0.7904
Ganzhou 0.7870
Jilin 0.7826
Xiamen 0.7821
Jinchang 0.7466
Hulun Buir 0.7417
Shanghai 0.7415
Nanping 0.7354
Yan’an 0.7335
Jincheng 0.7218
Guangzhou 0.6706
Urumqi 0.6514
Beijing 0.6291
Shenzhen 0.5192
Tab.4  Similarity levels between Chengdu and 34 cities in China
Practice category Practice City that adopted the practice
Develop a low-carbon economy (P1) Promote the development of a low-carbon industry (P11) Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Baoding, Jincheng, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Suzhou, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Nanping, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Chizhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guangyuan, Yan’an, Jinchang, Urumqi, Beijing, Jilin, Shanghai
Promote the upgrading of traditional industries (P12) Tianjin, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Baoding, Jincheng, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Nanping, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Guangyuan, Urumqi, Jilin
Develop the tertiary industry (P13) Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Nanchang, Guiyang, Jincheng, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Suzhou, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Nanping, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Chizhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Yan’an, Jinchang, Jilin, Shanghai
Develop low-carbon agriculture (P14) Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Nanchang, Baoding, Jincheng, Hulun Buir, Qinhuangdao, Zhenjiang, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guilin, Guangyuan, Yan’an, Jinchang, Jilin
Shut down heavy energy-consumption enterprises (P15) Chongqing, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Ganzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Zunyi, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Promote the development of the photovoltaic industry (P16) Nanchang, Baoding, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wuhan, Guangyuan, Yan’an, Jinchang, Urumqi
Optimize the energy structure and improve energy efficiency (P2) Increase the utilization proportion of natural gas (P21) Tianjin, Shenzhen, Nanchang, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Jingdezhen, Guangzhou, Guangyuan, Yan’an, Jinchang, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Promote the development of hydropower projects (P22) Chongqing, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Ganzhou, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Kunming, Yan’an, Jinchang
Promote the development of wind-power projects (P23) Chongqing, Shenzhen, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Ganzhou, Chizhou, Zunyi, Kunming, Yan’an, Jinchang, Urumqi, Shanghai
Promote the exploitation and utilization of biomass energy (P24) Chongqing, Shenzhen, Nanchang, Baoding, Huai’an, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Jingdezhen, Chizhou, Wuhan, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Yan’an, Jinchang, Urumqi, Shanghai
Develop projects of landfill gas recovery and power generation (P25) Chongqing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Baoding, Jincheng, Zhenjiang, Kunming
Launch cogeneration power plants (P26) Chongqing, Baoding, Wenzhou, Chizhou, Yan’an, Urumqi, Shanghai
Promote the utilization of solar power (P27) Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Baoding, Wenzhou, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Kunming, Shanghai
Promote the exploitation and utilization of renewable energy and new energy (P28) Tianjin, Xiamen, Nanchang, Guiyang, Jincheng, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Suzhou, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Nanping, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Guilin, Jinchang, Beijing, Shanghai
Promote energy saving and emission reduction in industries (P29) Tianjin, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Guiyang, Baoding, Jincheng, Hulun Buir, Ningbo, Nanping, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Chizhou, Guilin, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Jinchang, Shanghai
Conduct demonstration projects (P3) Low-carbon industry demonstration (P31) Tianjin, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Nanping, Jingdezhen, Guangyuan, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Low-carbon building demonstration (P32) Tianjin, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Baoding, Jincheng, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Urumqi, Beijing
Low-carbon transportation demonstration (P33) Tianjin, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Hulun Buir, Nanping, Guilin, Zunyi, Urumqi
Low-carbon enterprise demonstration (P34) Shenzhen, Nanchang, Jincheng, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Jingdezhen, Guilin, Urumqi,
Low-carbon industrial park demonstration (P35) Tianjin, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Jincheng, Wenzhou, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Chizhou, Wuhan, Urumqi, Beijing
Low-carbon community demonstration (P36) Tianjin, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Guiyang, Baoding, Jincheng, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Chizhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Zunyi, Kunming, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Low-carbon town demonstration (P37) Tianjin, Hangzhou, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Urumqi
Increase the carbon sink (P4) Increase forest carbon sink (P41) Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Guiyang, Jincheng, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Nanping, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Kunming, Yan’an, Jinchang, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Promote urban afforestation construction (P42) Chongqing, Shenzhen, Baoding, Jincheng, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guangyuan, Yan’an, Urumqi
Increase wetland carbon sink (P43) Hangzhou, Hulun Buir, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Qingdao, Kunming, Beijing
Develop low-carbon buildings (P5) Promote green and energy-saving buildings (P51) Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Guiyang, Baoding, Jincheng, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Nanping, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Chizhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Kunming, Yan’an, Jinchang, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Promote energy-saving building standards (P52) Chongqing, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Guiyang, Baoding, Jincheng, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Yan’an, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Promote new energy-saving building materials (P53) Chongqing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Guiyang, Huai’an, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Chizhou, Guilin, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Kunming, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Promote ground-source heat pump technology (P54) Chongqing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Baoding, Jincheng, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Chizhou, Wuhan, Zunyi
Install solar photovoltaic systems on the roof of buildings (P55) Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Baoding, Jincheng, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Chizhou, Zunyi, Kunming
Reduce the energy consumption of government office buildings (P56) Shenzhen, Nanchang, Guiyang, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Chizhou, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Yan’an, Shanghai
Conduct energy-saving upgrading in existing buildings (P57) Baoding, Jincheng, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Jingdezhen, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Yan’an, Urumqi, Shanghai
Promote the utilization of efficient energy-saving lighting systems (P58) Nanchang, Jingdezhen, Chizhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Yan’an, Urumqi, Shanghai
Develop low-carbon transportation (P6) Prioritize the construction of public transportation (P61) Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Guiyang, Baoding, Jincheng, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Nanping, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Zunyi, Kunming, Yan’an, Jinchang, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Construct urban rail transit (P62) Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Guiyang, Shijiazhuang, Huai’an, Ningbo, Nanping, Guangzhou, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Promote the use of energy-saving and environment-friendly vehicles (P63) Chongqing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Guiyang, Baoding, Jincheng, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Nanping, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Chizhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Kunming, Yan’an, Jinchang, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Construct intelligent transportation network systems (P64) Chongqing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Nanchang, Jincheng, Suzhou, Huai’an, Wenzhou, Jingdezhen, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guilin, Zunyi, Kunming, Jinchang, Beijing
Phase out high-pollution vehicles (P65) Nanchang, Baoding, Jincheng, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Zunyi, Yan’an, Urumqi, Shanghai
Develop low-carbon life (P7) Guide the public to use green forms of transport (P71) Tianjin, Hangzhou, Guiyang, Baoding, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Wenzhou, Nanping, Zunyi, Kunming, Jinchang, Shanghai
Develop low-carbon consumption habits (P72) Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Baoding, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Wenzhou, Nanping, Jingdezhen, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Guilin, Zunyi, Kunming, Jinchang, Urumqi, Shanghai
Raise residents’ awareness of low-carbon life (P73) Chongqing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Guiyang, Baoding, Jincheng, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Nanping, Jingdezhen, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guilin, Zunyi, Kunming, Jinchang, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Collect and dispose household garbage (P74) Xiamen, Hangzhou, Hulun Buir, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Guilin, Zunyi, Kunming, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai
Low-carbon city management (P8) Establish low-carbon product certification (P81) Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Baoding, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Guilin, Kunming, Shanghai
Establish a low-carbon development research center (P82) Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Shijiazhuang, Zhenjiang, Wenzhou, Qingdao
Establish a statistical management system for carbon emission (P83) Tianjin, Chongqing, Xiamen, Guiyang, Jincheng, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Suzhou, Huai’an, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Nanping, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Yan’an, Jinchang, Beijing, Shanghai
Carry out trials for trading carbon emission rights (P84) Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Hulun Buir, Suzhou, Huai’an, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Zunyi, Beijing, Shanghai
Establish a performance evaluation mechanism for low-carbon development (P85) Tianjin, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Suzhou, Wenzhou, Nanping, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Guangyuan, Zunyi, Yan’an, Jinchang, Beijing, Shanghai
Set regulations on low-carbon development (P86) Shenzhen, Xiamen, Nanchang, Guiyang, Jincheng, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Nanping, Ganzhou, Qingdao, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Jinchang
Make low-carbon city development plans (P87) Guiyang, Jincheng, Zhenjiang, Ningbo, Nanping, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Jinchang
Tab.5  Low-carbon city practices selected in this study
Practice Combined rating Practice Combined rating Practice Combined rating
P11 0.9010 P33 0.2048 P62 0.5067
P12 0.4034 P34 0.3029 P63 0.7964
P13 0.8995 P35 0.4031 P64 0.7030
P14 0.4971 P36 0.5974 P65 0.2950
P15 0.4895 P37 0.3981 P71 0.2983
P16 0.5055 P41 0.8003 P72 0.3941
P21 0.4036 P42 0.5906 P73 0.8961
P22 0.2958 P43 0.4931 P74 0.4910
P23 0.5005 P51 0.8043 P81 0.5920
P24 0.6097 P52 0.7015 P82 0.5996
P25 0.2935 P53 0.4059 P83 0.7952
P26 0.2001 P54 0.4978 P84 0.4997
P27 0.3076 P55 0.2998 P85 0.3976
P28 0.6008 P56 0.3039 P86 0.5006
P29 0.4046 P57 0.6980 P87 0.2955
P31 0.2048 P58 0.2050
P32 0.4013 P61 0.8957
Tab.6  Results of the combined ratings of the top 10 most similar cities
Recommendation priority Practice Rated values
Highly recommended practices (rated value≥0.75) P11 Promote the development of a low-carbon industry 0.9010
P13 Develop the tertiary industry 0.8995
P73 Raise residents’ awareness of low-carbon life 0.8961
P61 Prioritize the construction public transportation 0.8957
P51 Promote green and energy-saving buildings 0.8043
P41 Increase forest carbon sink 0.8003
P63 Promote the use of energy-saving and environment-
friendly vehicles
0.7964
P83 Establish a statistical management system for carbon
emission
0.7952
Recommended practices (0.75>rated value>0.5) P64 Construct intelligent transportation network systems 0.7030
P52 Promote energy-saving building standards 0.7015
P57 Conduct energy-saving upgrading in existing buildings 0.6980
P24 Promote the exploitation and utilization of biomass
energy
0.6097
P28 Promote the exploitation and utilization of renewable
and new energy
0.6008
P82 Establish a low-carbon development research center 0.5996
P36 Low-carbon community demonstration 0.5974
P81 Establish low-carbon product certification 0.5920
P42 Promote urban afforestation construction 0.5906
P62 Construct urban rail transit 0.5067
P16 Promote the development of the photovoltaic industry 0.5054
P86 Make regulations on low-carbon development 0.5006
P23 Promote the development of wind power projects 0.5005
Tab.7  Recommendation results of the best practices for Chengdu
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