Investigation of solution chemistry to enable efficient lithium recovery from low-concentration lithium-containing wastewater

Abstract

In the production of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and recycling of spent LIBs, a large amount of low-concentration lithium-containing wastewater (LCW) is generated. The recovery of Li from this medium has attracted significant global attention from both the environmental and economic perspectives. To achieve effective Li recycling, the features of impurity removal and the interactions among different ions must be understood. However, it is generally difficult to ensure highly efficient removal of impurity ions while retaining Li in the solution for further recovery. In this study, the removal of typical impurity ions from LCW and the interactions between these species were systematically investigated from the thermodynamic and kinetics aspects. It was found that the main impurities (e.g., Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) could be efficiently removed with high Li recovery by controlling the ionic strength of the solution. The mechanisms of Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ removal were investigated to identify the controlling steps and reaction kinetics. It was found that the precipitates are formed by a zero-order reaction, and the activation energies tend to be low with a sequence of fast chemical reactions that reach equilibrium very quickly. Moreover, this study focused on Li loss during removal of the impurities, and the corresponding removal rates of Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ were found to be 99.8%, 99.5%, 99%, and 99.7%, respectively. Consequently, high-purity Li₃PO₄ was obtained via one-step precipitation. Thus, this research demonstrates a potential route for the effective recovery of Li from low-concentration LCW and for the appropriate treatment of acidic LCW.

Keywords

lithium-containing wastewater / lithium phosphate / precipitation / impurity ion

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support for this research from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFB0403300/2017YFB0403305), the National Natural Science Foundation of China and (Grant Nos. 51425405, 51674022, and L1624051), Key Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences KFZD-SW-315, and 1000 Talents Program of China (Z.S.), as well as the Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Major Projects (MC2016-05).

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-019-1806-3 and is accessible for authorized users.

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